1. FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS,
FACILITIES AND
FIRE COMPARTMENTS 1.1 *. Buildings, structures, as well as parts of buildings and structures1, separated by fire walls of the 1st type( fire compartments), are subdivided according to the degrees of fire resistance. The degree of fire resistance of buildings is determined by the minimum fire resistance limits of building structures( indicated in Table 1) and the maximum fire propagation limits for these structures.
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1 Further on the text - "buildings".
Limits of fire resistance of self-supporting walls, taken into account in calculating the rigidity and stability of the building, must be taken according to gr.2 tab.1.
In cases when in Table.1 the minimum fire resistance limit of the structure is 0.25 h, unprotected steel structures are allowed, and in hard-to-reach construction sites, in addition, external enclosing structures made of aluminum sheets, regardless of their actual fire resistance limit.
It is allowed to use columns with a fire resistance limit of 0.75 h in buildings of grade II fire resistance for production and storage purposes.
It is allowed in buildings of all degrees of fire resistance to use gypsum boards according to GOST 6266-89 for lining metal structures in order to increase their fire resistance limit.
In buildings of all degrees of fire resistance for the allocation of workplaces within the premises it is allowed to use partitions( glazed or with a grid at a height of the deaf part of 1.2 m, collapsible and sliding) with non-standardized fire resistance limits and fire spreading limits.
1.2 *. The degree of fire resistance of buildings is adopted in the project, depending on their purpose, the category of fire and fire hazard, the number of floors, the area of the floor within the fire compartment, except in cases specified in regulatory documents.
The approximate design characteristics of buildings, depending on their degree of fire resistance, are given in the reference appendix 2.
1.3. Limits of fire resistance of building structures are determined by ST SEV 1000-78.
Fire propagation limits for building structures are determined by the method given in the mandatory Annex 1.
1.4 *. Construction materials for flammability( combustibility) are divided into three groups: non-flammable, fire-resistant( combustible) and combustible( combustible) 1.
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1 Hereinafter, "combustibility", "incombustible", "hard-combustible", "combustible ".
Flammability groups of building materials are determined by ST SEV 382-76 and ST SEV 2437-80.
Classification of building materials and structures for the toxicity of combustion products and smoke-forming ability in combustion is adopted in accordance with GOST 12.1.004-89.
1.5. Frames of suspended ceilings should be made of non-combustible materials.
Fillings of suspended ceilings may be made from combustible materials, with the exception of the filling of suspended ceilings in common corridors, on staircases, in staircases, hallways, halls and foyer of buildings I - IVa degrees of fire resistance.
In the space behind the suspended ceiling, it is not allowed to provide for the placement of channels and pipelines for transportation of flammable gases, dust-air mixtures, liquids and materials.
| CNIISK them are entered. Kucherenko Gosstroi USSR | approved decree by the State Construction Committee dated December 17, 1985 No. 232 | The deadline was put into effect January 1, 1987 |
Table 1
| The degree of fire resistance of buildings | The minimum fire resistance limits of building structures, h( above the bar), and the maximum fire propagation limits for them, cm( below the line) | ||||||||
| walls | columns | staircases, strips, steps, beams and flights of staircases | plates,flooring( including insulation) and other load-bearing structures of floors | coating elements | |||||
| load carriers and staircases | self-supporting | external curtains( including hinged panels) | internal | slabs, decking( including with insulation) and runs | beams, trusses, arches, frames | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| I | 2,5 0 | 1,25 0 | 0,5 0 | 0,5 0 | 2, 5 0 | 1 0 | 1 0 | 0.5 0 | 0.5 0 |
| II | 2 0 | 1 0 | 0.25 0 | 0.25 0 | 2 0 | 1 0 | 0.75 0 | 0.25 0 | 0.25 0 |
| III | 2 0 | 1 0 | 0.25 0 0.540 | 0.25 40 | 2 0 | 1 0 | 0.75 25 | n. Mr. . n.n. | n.n.n.n. |
| IIIa | 1 0 | 0.5 0 | 0.25 40 | 0.25 40 | 0.25 0 | 1 0 | 0.25 0 | 0.25 25 | 0.25 0 |
| IIIb | 1 40 | 0.5 0 | 0.25 0 0, 5 40 | 0.25 40 | 1 40 | 0.75 0 | 0.75 25 | 0.25 0 0.5( 25) 40 | 0.75 25( 40) |
| IV | 0.5 40 | 0.25 40 | 0.25 40 | 0.25 40 | 0.540 | 0.25 25 | 0.25 25 | n.n.n.n. | n.n.n.n. |
| IVa | 0.5 40 | 0.25 40 | 0.25 nos. | 0.25 40 | 0.25 0 | 0.25 0 | 0.25 0 | 0.25N.n. | 0,25 0 |
| V | Not standardized |
Notes: 1. The limits of fire propagation for vertical and inclined sections of structures are given in parentheses.
2. Abbreviation for "n.
When using false ceilings to increase the fire resistance of ceilings and coatings, the fire resistance of a ceiling or a ceiling with false ceilings should be defined as for a single structure and the fire spread limit is separate for overlapping or covering and for a hanging ceilingIn this case, the limit for the spread of fire on such a false ceiling should not be more than that set for a protected ceiling or cover. False ceilings should not have openings,and communications located above suspended ceilings should be made of non-combustible materials.
1.6 *. In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, it is allowed to use partitions made of gypsum boards according to GOST 6266-89 with a frame made of non-combustible materials with fire resistance limits of not less than 1 and 0.5 hours respectively. At the same time, in common corridors, staircases, vestibules, halls andgypsum plaster sheets are not allowed to be painted with combustible paints.
1.7. The structures forming the slope of the floor in the rooms should correspond to the standards specified in Table.1 for slabs, decking and other load-bearing structures of floors.
1.8. In buildings of all degrees of fire resistance roofs, rafters and crates of attics, floors, doors, gates, window and lantern bindings, and walls and ceilings( including lining), regardless of the normalized fire spreading limits, can be made of combustible materials. In this case, rafters and crates of attic coverings( except buildings of the V degree of fire resistance) should be subjected to flame retardant treatment. The quality of the flame retardant treatment should be such that the loss of mass of fire-resistant wood in the test of CT SEV 4686-84 does not exceed 25% .
In buildings with attics( with the exception of buildings of the V degree of fire resistance), it is not allowed to use roofs made of combustible materials in the construction of rafters and crates of combustible materials.
In rooms where flammable liquids are produced, used or stored, floors should be made of non-combustible materials.
In buildings of all degrees of fire resistance, except V, it is not allowed to perform a lining of combustible materials and pasting with combustible film materials of walls and ceilings in common corridors, staircases, hallways, halls and foyers, and also arrange floors of combustible materials in lobbies, stairwayscells and elevator halls.
In buildings of I-III degrees of fire resistance, it is not allowed to carry out lining of external surfaces of external walls from combustible and hardly combustible materials.
The doors of the built-in cabinets for the placement of fire hydrants can be made of combustible materials.
1.9. In walls, partitions, ceilings and coatings of buildings, it is not allowed to provide for voids limited by combustible materials, with the exception of voids:
in wooden constructions of ceilings and coatings separated by blind diaphragms into areas of not more than 54 m2, and also along the contour of internal walls;
between a steel or aluminum profiled sheet and a vapor barrier, provided that a vapor barrier is provided with a heater of non-flammable or hardly combustible material. With a heater made of combustible materials( including without laroroinsulation), these voids along the ends of the sheets should be filled with non-flammable or hardly combustible material for a length of at least 25 cm;
between non-fire-resistant structures and their facing from combustible materials from the side of premises, provided that these voids are separated by blind diaphragms into areas of not more than 3 m2;
between the lining of combustible materials and the external surfaces of the walls of single-storey buildings from a ground level to the eaves no more than 6 m and a building area of no more than 300 m 2, provided that these voids are divided by blind diaphragms into areas of not more than 7.2 m2.
Deep diaphragms may be made of combustible materials.
2. REQUIREMENTS TO VOLTAGE-PLANNING
AND CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR BUILDINGS
2.1. Facilities where flammable gases and liquids are used or stored, and also processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts are not allowed to be placed directly below the premises intended for simultaneous stay of more than 50 people.
Note. Indicators of fire and explosion hazard of substances are determined in accordance with GOST 12.1.044-84.
2.2. Cellars under buildings must be single-story, except as provided for in section 2. 2.
In the basement and basement floors, it is not allowed to stir rooms where flammable gases and liquids are used or stored, as well as flammable materials.
2.3. In each part of the basement floor( including in the corridor), separated by fire walls or partitions, with rooms where flammable substances and materials are used or stored, at least two windows measuring 0.75'1.2 m with pits. The free area of these windows should be taken as calculated, but not less than 0.2% of the area of these premises.
2.4. Premises located in the basement floors and intended for placement of engineering equipment and communications laying should be separated from other premises by fire barriers.
2.5. Technical undergrounds intended for laying utility networks must have isolated outlets through doors with dimensions of at least 0.75'1.5 m or hatches with dimensions of at least 0.6'0.8 m equipped with vertical ladders.
With a technical underground area of up to 300 m2, one door or hatch can be installed, and for each subsequent full and incomplete 2000 m2 of space, one more door or hatch should be provided.
2.6 *. In technical floors( including technical undergrounds) the clear passage height should be not less than 1.8 m.
In the attic along the whole building it is necessary to provide a passage height of not less than 1.6 m.
2.7. In buildings with mansards it is necessary to provide hatches in the enclosing structures of the sinuses of the attics.
2.8. In buildings with a roof slope of up to 12% inclusive, height from ground level to the eaves or the top of the outer wall( parapet) of more than 10 m, as well as in buildings with a roof slope of more than 12%, the height from ground level to the eave of more than 7 m,roofing in accordance with GOST 25772-83.Regardless of the height of the building, fencing in accordance with the specified GOST should be provided for operated flat roofs, balconies, loggias, outdoor galleries, outdoor outdoor staircases, staircases and grounds.
2.9. For buildings with a height of 10 m or more from the ground plan to the eaves or the top of the outer wall( parapet), it is necessary to provide access to the roof from staircases( directly or through an attic, except warm) or through external fire ladders.
For residential, public and administrative buildings with attic coverings, it is necessary to provide access to the roof for every full and incomplete 100 m of the building's length, with uncrossed covers - one exit for each complete and incomplete 1000 m2 of the surface area.
For industrial and warehouse buildings, fire ladders should be provided along the perimeter of the building no less than 200 m. It is allowed not to provide fire ladders on the main facade of the building if the width of the building does not exceed 150 m, and on the side opposite to the main facade there is a line of firewater supply.
When determining the required number of exits to the roof, it is also possible to take into account other external staircases having access to the roof and meeting the requirements of clause 2.12 or clause 4.20.
In the attics of buildings, there should be exits to the roof, equipped with fixed staircases, through doors, hatches or windows with dimensions not less than 0,6'0,8 m.
It is allowed not to provide access to the roof of single-storey buildings with a covering of not more than 100 m2.
2.10. Exits from staircases to the roof or attic should be provided for flights of stairs with areas before the exit, through fire doors of the 2nd type.
In residential, public and administrative buildings with a height of up to five floors inclusive, it is permissible to provide access to the attic or the roof of staircases through fire doors of the 2nd type with dimensions of 0,6'0,8 m along fixed steel stepladder.
2.11. In places where the heights of roofs( including for raising the roof of light-ae-lanterns) more than 1 m, external fire escape ladders should be provided, regardless of the height of the buildings.
2.12. The following types of fire ladders are installed:
1st - vertical steel with a width of 0.7 m, starting from a height of 2.5 m, with areas when entering the roof. From a height of 10 m, the stairs should have arcs after every 0.7 m with a radius of curvature of 0.35 m and with a center spaced from the staircase by 0.45 m. The area when entering the roof must have a fence of at least 0.6 m high;
2 nd - marching steel with a slope of not more than 6: 1, 0.7 m wide, starting from a height of 2.5 m from the ground level, with pads no less than 8 m and with handrails.
2.13. For climbing to a height of 10 to 20 m and in places where the roof height falls from 1 to 20 m, fire stairs of the 1st type should be used, for lifting to a height of 20 m and in places with a height difference of more than 20 m - fire ladders of 2-th type.
2.14. When laying cables and pipelines through enclosing structures with normalized fire resistance limits and fire spreading limits, gaps between them should be filled with mortar throughout the thickness.
3. FIREPROOF PREVENTION
3.1 *. Fire protection walls include walls, partitions, ceilings, zones, gateways, doors, windows, manholes, valves.
The scope of application of fire barriers is set in paragraphs.1.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.11, 3.13, 3.15, 3.17, 3.21 and in the SNiP part 2.
3.2 *. The types of fire barriers and their minimum fire resistance limits should be taken from Table.2.
Table 2 *
| Fire protection barriers | Type of fire barriers or their elements | Minimum fire resistance of fire barriers or their elements, h |
| Fire walls | 1 | 2,5 |
| 2 | 0,75 | |
| Fire barriers | 1 | 0,75 |
| 2 | 0,25 | |
| Fireproof ceilings | 1 | 2,5 |
| 2 | 1 | |
| 3 | 0,75 | |
| Fire doors and windows | 1 | 1,2 |
| 2 | 0,6 | |
| 3 | 0,25 | |
| Fire doors, hatches, valves | 1 | 1,2 |
| 2 | 0,6 | |
| Sliding door locks | ||
| Elements of tambours-gateways: | ||
| fire barriers | 1 | 0,75 |
| fire protection ceilings | 3 | 0,75 |
| fire doors | 2 | 0,6 |
| Fire protection zones( see 3.13) | 1 | - |
| Fire protection zone elements: | ||
| fire walls separating the area from the fire compartment premises | 2 | 0,75 |
| fire barriers within the | 2 | zone 0,25 |
| columns | - | 2,5 |
| fire protection ceilings | 3 | 0,75 |
| coating elements | - | 0,75 |
| external walls | - | 0,75 |
Potivopozharnye walls, partitions, floors, construction of fire zones and locks, as well as the filling of light apertures in fire barriers should be made of non-combustible materials.
It is allowed in fire doors and hatches of the 1st and 2nd types to use wood protected from all sides by non-combustible materials with a thickness of at least 4 mm or subjected to deep impregnation with fire retardants or other fire retardant treatment to ensure that it meets the requirements for fireproof materials.
It is allowed to use partition walls made of gypsum boards according to GOST 6266-89, with a frame made from non-combustible materials, with a fire resistance limit of at least 1.25 h for partition 1 and 0.75 h for partitions of type 2.The junction of these partitions with other structures should have a fire resistance limit of at least 1.25 hours and 0.75 hours, respectively.
3.3. The fire resistance limit of fire doors and gates should be determined according to ST SEV 3974-85, and fire windows, manholes and valves - according to ST SEV 1000-78.At the same time, the limit states for fire resistance for windows are characterized only by collapse and loss of density, and for fire doors of lift shafts - only by the heat-insulating ability and loss of the density of the door leaf.
3.4. In fire walls of the 1st and 2nd types, fire doors, gates, windows and valves of the 1st and 2nd types, respectively, should be provided.
Fire doors, gates, windows and valves of the 2nd type should be provided in type 1 fire barriers, and fire doors and windows of type 3 in fire barriers of the second type.
In fire protection ceilings of the 1st type, fire protection hatches and valves of the 1st type should be used, and in fireproof ceilings of the 2nd and 3rd types - fire hatches and valves of the 2nd type.
3.5. Fire walls must be supported by foundations or foundation beams, built to the full height of the building, crossed all structures and floors.
Fire walls can be installed directly on the frame structure of a building or structure made of non-combustible materials. In this case, the limit of fire resistance of the frame, together with its filling and attachment points, must be no less than the required fire resistance limit of the corresponding type of fire wall.
3.6. Fire walls should rise above the roof: not less than 60 cm, if at least one of the elements of the attic or uncracked covering, with the exception of the roof, is made of combustible materials;not less than 30 cm, if the elements of an attic or an uncarpeted covering, with the exception of the roof, are made of hardly combustible materials.
Fire walls may not rise above the roof if all elements of the attic or uncracked covering, with the exception of the roof, are made of non-combustible materials.
3.7. Fire walls in buildings with exterior walls made with combustible or hardly combustible materials must cross these walls and protrude beyond the outer plane of the wall by at least 30 cm.
When installing external walls of non-flammable materials with tape glazing, fire walls must separate the glazing. At the same time it is allowed that the firewall does not protrude beyond the outer plane of the wall.
3.8. When dividing a building into fire compartments, a firewall should be the wall of a higher and wider compartment. It is allowed to place windows, doors and gates in the outer part of the fire wall with non-normalizable fire resistance limits at a distance above the roof of the adjacent compartment at least 8 m vertically and at least 4 m from the walls horizontally.
3.9. In fire walls, it is allowed to arrange ventilation and smoke ducts so that in their locations the fire resistance limit of the fire wall on each side of the channel is not less than 2.5 hours.
3.10. Fireproof partitions in rooms with false ceilings should separate the space above them.
3.11. When placing fire walls or fire barriers in places where one part of the building adjoins one another at an angle, it is necessary that the horizontal distance between the nearest faces of the openings located in the outer walls is not less than 4 m, and the sections of walls, eaves and roof overhangs adjacentto the fire wall or the partition at an angle, at a length of not less than 4 m were made of non-combustible materials. If the distance between the openings is less than 4 m, they must be filled with fire doors or windows of the 2nd type.
3.12. Fire protection ceilings should be adjacent to external walls made of non-combustible materials, without gaps. Fireproof ceilings in buildings with exterior walls spreading fire, or with glazing located in the level of overlap, must cross these walls and glazing.
3.13. It is allowed in the cases provided for in SNIP Part 2, for dividing buildings into fire compartments instead of fire walls, to provide fire zones of the 1st type.
The fire zone of the 1st type is made in the form of an insert separating the building along the entire width( length) and height. The insert is a part of the building, formed by fire walls of the 2nd type, which separate the insert from the fire compartments. The width of the zone must be at least 12 m.
Do not use or store flammable gases, liquids and materials in rooms located within the fire zone, and also provide for the processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts.
It is allowed to use a heat insulation material from fireproof materials and a roof of combustible materials in the fire zone coverage, taking into account the requirements of 3.6.
In the fire walls of the zone, openings may be permitted provided they are filled in and in accordance with 3.17.
3.14 *. Excluded.
3.15. Design solutions of fire zones in buildings should be adopted in accordance with SNiP 2.09.03-85.
3.16. Fire walls and areas should maintain their functions in the unilateral collapse of adjacent structures.
3.17. In fire protection, it is allowed to provide openings if they are filled with fire doors, windows, gates, manholes and valves or when locks are placed in them. The total area of openings in fire barriers, with the exception of elevator shafts, should not exceed 25% of their area. Fireproof doors and gates in fire barriers must have seals in the vestibules and devices for self-closing. Fireproof windows must be non-opening.
3.18. Doors of tambour gateways from the premises where flammable gases, liquids and materials are not used or stored, and there are no processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts, can be made of combustible materials with a thickness of at least 4 cm and without voids.
In airlock vaults, air supply should be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-86.
3.19. Fire walls, zones, as well as fire protection ceilings of the 1st type are not allowed to cross channels, mines and pipelines for transportation of combustible gas and dusty air mixtures, flammable liquids, substances and materials.
3.20. In the intersection of fire walls, fire protection zones, and also fire protection ceilings of the 1st type by channels, mines and pipelines( with the exception of pipelines for water supply, sewerage, steam and water heating), for transportation of media other than those specified in 3.19,automatic devices that prevent the spread of combustion products through channels, mines and pipelines in case of fire.
3.21. Enclosures for elevator shafts, engine room spaces for lifts, canals, shafts and niches for laying communications must comply with the requirements for fire protection partitions of type 1 and floors of type 3.
If the device can not be installed in the fences of elevator shafts of fire doors, it is necessary to provide tambours or halls with fire-resistant partitions of the 1st type and overlapping of the third type.
3.22. When designing intersections of fire barriers with air ducts, guidance from SNiP 2.04.05-86 should be followed.
4. EVACUATION OF PEOPLE FROM INDOORS AND BUILDINGS
4.1. Evacuation routes should ensure the safe evacuation of all people in buildings through evacuation exits.
4.2. Exits are evacuation if they lead from the premises:
a) of the first floor to the outside directly or through a corridor, an entrance hall, a staircase;B) any floor, except the first, into the corridor leading to the staircase, or directly into the staircase( including through the hall).In this case, staircases must have an outlet directly or through the vestibule, separated from adjacent corridors by partitions with doors;C) in the adjacent room on the same floor, provided with the outputs specified in subparagraphs "a" and "b", except for the cases specified in SNiP Part 2.
When device evacuation exits from two staircases through the common entrance one of themIn addition to the entrance to the lobby, there must be an outlet directly to the outside.
Outlets are allowed to be provided through the tambours.
4.3 *. From buildings, from each floor and from the premises, at least two evacuation exits should be provided, except for the cases specified in SNiP Part 2.
Evacuation exits should be located dispersed. The minimum distance l between the most remote evacuation exits from the room should be determined by the formula
where P is the perimeter of the room.
4.4. From an area of up to 300 m2, located in the basement or ground floor, it is allowed to provide one evacuation exit, if the number of permanently located in it does not exceed 5 people. With the number of people from 6 to 15, it is allowed to provide a second outlet through a hatch of at least 0.6'0.8 m in dimensions with a vertical ladder or through a window with dimensions of at least 0.75'1.5 m with an exit device.
4.5 *. Exits from basements and basement floors should be provided directly to the outside, except as specified in SNiP Part 2.
4.6. The width of the evacuation routes in the light should be at least 1 m, the doors - not less than 0.8 m.
With the doors opening from the rooms to the common corridors, for the width of the evacuation path along the corridor, the width of the corridor should be adopted, reduced:
half the widthdoor leaf - with one-sided arrangement of doors;
for door leaf width - with double-sided door arrangement.
The height of the passage along the evacuation routes must be at least 2 m.
The permitted evacuation path length should be taken in accordance with SNiP Part 2.
4.7. In the sex on the evacuation routes, there are no elevations of less than 45 cm and protrusions except for the thresholds in the doorways. In places where there is a difference in height, stairs with at least three steps or ramps with a slope of not more than 1: 6 should be provided.
4.8. In general corridors, it is not allowed to provide for the installation of built-in cabinets, with the exception of cabinets for communications and fire hydrants.
4.9. The installation of spiral staircases, runway steps, sliding and lifting doors and gates, as well as rotating doors and turnstiles on evacuation routes is not allowed.
4.10. It is allowed to place guard rooms, an open wardrobe and trade trays in the vestibules.
4.11. In staircases, it is not allowed to provide premises for any purpose, industrial gas pipelines and steam lines, pipelines with combustible liquids, electrical cables and wires( excluding wiring for lighting corridors and staircases), exits from lifts and freight elevators, garbage chutes,protruding from the plane of the walls at a height of up to 2.2 m from the surface of the tread and the landing of the staircase.
In buildings with a height from ground level to the floor of the upper floor of less than 26.5 m it is allowed in staircases to provide garbage and electric wiring for lighting apartments.
In staircases( except for those that are not smoke-free), it is allowed to place no more than two passenger elevators that fall not lower than the first floor.
4.12. Doors on evacuation routes must open in the direction of exit from the building.
Doors to balconies, loggias( with the exception of doors leading to the air zone of smoke-free staircases of type 1) and to the areas of external staircases intended for evacuation, doors from premises with simultaneous stay of no more than 15 people, doors from storerooms with area notmore than 200 m2 and sanitary units are allowed to design opening rooms inside.
4.13. The height of the doors in light on evacuation routes must be at least 2 m.
The height of the doors and the entrances leading to the premises without permanent stay in them, as well as in the basement, basement and technical floors, may be reduced to 1.9 m, anddoors that are access to the attic or an uncovered covering - up to 1.5 m.
4.14. External evacuation doors of buildings should not have locks that can not be opened from the inside without a key.
4.15. Doors of staircases leading to common corridors, elevator hall doors and gateways must have devices for self-closing and sealing in the vestibules and should not have locks preventing their opening without a key.
In buildings with a height of more than four floors, these doors, except for apartment doors, must be deaf or with reinforced glass. The width of the outer doors of staircases and doors in the lobby should be no less than the calculated width of the staircase march.
Doors of staircases in the open position should not reduce the estimated width of staircases and marches.
4.16. For the evacuation of people from buildings are provided:
ladders types:
1st - internal, placed in staircases;
2nd - internal open( without enclosing walls);
3rd - outdoor open;
ordinary staircase types:
1st - with natural lighting through windows in exterior walls( including open to the outside environment);
2nd - without natural light through the windows in the outer walls( including the top lighting);
smoke-free staircases types:
1st-exit through the outer air zone through balconies, loggias, open passages, galleries;
2nd - with air support in case of fire;
3rd - with access to the staircase through a tambour gateway with air support( permanent or in case of fire).
Scope of application of these stairs and staircases is established in SNiP Part 2.
4.17. The width of the stairway march must be at least the width of the evacuation exit( door) to the staircase.
The width of the landing areas must be at least the width of the march, and before the entrances to the elevators with swinging doors - not less than the width of the width of the march and half the width of the elevator door, but not less than 1.6 m.
. Between the flights of stairs, a gap of at least 50mm.
4.18. Escalators should be designed according to the standards established for the design of stairs, taking into account the requirements of § 4.19.
4.19. In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance it is allowed to provide stairs of the second type from the vestibules to the second floor. In this case, the lobby should be separated from the corridors and adjacent rooms by fire barriers of the 1st type.
4.20. Ladders type 3, intended for use as a second evacuation exit, should be made of non-combustible materials and communicate with the premises through platforms or balconies arranged at the level of evacuation exits. These stairs should have a slope of not more than 1: 1 and a width of at least 0.7 m. The doors of the exits to the stairs of the third type must not have locks or other locks from the outside.
4.21. The device of openings( except for doorways) in the internal walls of staircases is not allowed.
In the light apertures of staircases filled with glass blocks, it is necessary to provide openable transoms with an area of at least 1.2 m2 on each floor.
4.22. In buildings with smoke-free staircases, lift shafts should be provided with air support in case of fire in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-86.Exits from these mines should be provided through elevator lobbies, separated from adjacent rooms by fire barriers of the 1st type. In this case, the device of fire doors in the elevator shafts is not required.
4.23. Unsecured staircases within the first floor must have exits only directly to the outside. Unintended staircases of the 1st type must communicate with the first floor through the air zone.
4.24. In buildings with smoke-free staircases, smoke removal from corridors on each floor should be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-86.These corridors should be separated by type 2 fire barriers at least 60 m away.
In buildings equipped with fire extinguishing and alarm systems in which the fire doors in these partitions are to be in the open position by operating conditions, automatic devices should be provided to cover thesedoors in case of fire.
4.25. Balconies, loggias or galleries leading to non-compliant staircases of the 1st type must have a width of at least 1.2 m with a fence height of 1.2 m. The distance in the axes between the doorways in the outer air zone should be at least 2.2m.
4.26. Lifts and other mechanical means of transporting people should not be taken into account when designing escape routes.
It is allowed in cases provided for in SNIP Part 2, one of the elevators to be equipped for use by fire units in case of fire.
4.27. Passenger elevators placed in staircases are allowed to be enclosed by metal nets, reinforced glass partitions and other non-combustible materials with non-standardizable fire resistance limits, and elevators placed outside buildings - only by partitions of non-combustible materials with non-standardizable fire resistance limits.
4.28. In buildings, as a general rule, a fire alert should be provided. The method of notification( technical means or organizational measures) is determined depending on the purpose of the building and its volumetric-planning and constructive solution.
ANNEX 1
Mandatory
METHOD OF TESTING
BUILDING STRUCTURES
This method establishes a method for determining the fire propagation limit for building structures and their components1 for fire tests.
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1 Further on the text - "designs".
The fire spread limit for structures made entirely from non-combustible materials should be assumed to be zero without testing.
1. The essence of the method.
The fire spread test is to determine the size of the structure damage due to its burning outside the heating zone - in the control zone. The spread of fire by design is determined on the basis of testing samples on special fire furnaces.
2. Samples for testing:
2.1. Samples of test structures shall be made in accordance with the working drawings and the technical specifications for their manufacture.
2.2. Samples of enclosing structures should have dimensions of at least 2'2 m. The length of the specimens of the rod structures should provide the possibility of their fastening in accordance with the schemes shown in Fig.3 and 4.
2.3. The moisture of the sample materials must be dynamically balanced with humidity of the environment at a relative humidity of 60 ± 15% and a temperature of 20 ± 10 ° C.
2.4. Samples with fins and protrusions should be placed on the oven so that they do not interfere with the spread of fire in the control zone.
3. Testing:
3.1. Tests of samples of structures on the spread of fire are carried out with local fire exposure according to the regime established by ST SEV 1000-78.
3.2. The propagation of fire on load-bearing structures( floors, coatings, columns, etc.) is determined, as a rule, when testing unloaded samples.
3.3. The tests should be carried out at an initial temperature of 20 ± 10 ° C and an air speed of not more than 0.5 m / s-1, unless the operating conditions of the structures require other test conditions. The temperature in the room, furnace and test sample should be stabilized 2 hours before the test.
3.4. Joints of plates and panels of enclosing structures should be in the heating zone with their continuation into the control zone.
3.5. Installation of the sample on the fire furnace and placement of the thermocouples are carried out in accordance with the schemes shown in Fig.1-4.The gap between the heated surface of the sample and the external surface of the furnace should be 5 ± 0.5 cm.
3.6. The duration of the thermal action on the sample is 15 min ± 30 s. After the specified time, the flame in the furnace is extinguished, and no later than 2 minutes, it is necessary to remove the sample from the furnace or insert a heat-insulating screen into the gap between the sample and the fire chamber.
3.7. The examination of the state of the sample and the measurement of its damage in the control zone due to combustion are carried out after its complete cooling.
3.8. Samples of enclosing structures, staircases and marches during their testing should be exposed to fire from one side.
External and internal walls( including partitions) with asymmetrical cross-section should be tested separately from each side.
Slabs and decking of coverings and ceilings, as well as suspended ceilings should be tested with fire exposure from below.
Staircases and marches should be tested horizontally separately from each side when exposed to fire.
Samples of external and internal walls( including partitions), as well as of staircases and marches, are allowed to be tested only from the side with a clearly large fire spreading limit.
3.9. Samples of rod structures shall be exposed to fire from three or four sides, depending on the operating conditions. Samples of stages for testing should be collected in marches.
3.10. The size of the control zone should be at least 0.75 m.
3.11. During the tests should be monitored:
temperature in the oven;
the time of appearance and character of development in the sample of cracks, holes and peelings;
time and place of opening joints of slabs, panels and other structural elements;
appearance of smoke and flame, color and material state change and other structural behavior features.
4. Evaluation of test results:
4.1. For the limit of fire propagation, the size of the damaged zone of the sample in the plane of the structure from the boundary of the heating zone perpendicular to it to the most remote point of damage is assumed( for vertical structures - up, for horizontal structures - for each side).The measurement results are rounded up to 1 cm in a larger direction. It is permissible to take the fire propagation limit according to the design equal to zero, if the size of the sample damage in the control zone does not exceed 5 cm for vertical and 3 cm for horizontal structures.
Damn.1. Scheme of installation on a fire furnace of a sample of a vertical enclosing structure
1 - a fire furnace;2 - sample;3 - aperture of the fire furnace;4 - mineral wool seal;5, 6 - thermocouples( the thermocouple 6 should be placed on the boundary of the layer closest to the fire furnace made of combustible or hardly combustible material);7 - control zone;8 - border of the control zone
Dev.2. Scheme of installation on the
firing furnace of a sample of the horizontal enclosing
structure
1 - a fire furnace;2 - sample;3 - aperture of the fire furnace;4 - mineral wool seal;5, 6 - thermocouples( the thermocouple 6 should be placed on the boundary of the layer closest to the fire furnace, made of combustible or hardly combustible material);7 - control zone;8 - boundary of the control zone
Damn.3. Scheme of installation on the
fire furnace of the sample of the vertical rod structure
1 - fire furnace;2 - sample;3 - aperture of the fire furnace;4 - thermocouple;5 - control zone;6 - border of the control zone
Dev.4. Scheme of installation on the fire furnace of a sample of a horizontal rod structure
1 - a fire furnace;2 - sample;3 - aperture of the fire furnace;4 - mineral wool seal;5 - thermocouple;6 - control zone;7 - border of the control zone
To measure the damage to layered structures, it is necessary to examine all layers by opening.
4.2. Damage is considered charring and burnout of materials, as well as melting of thermoplastic materials. This does not take into account damage to the layers of vapor barrier less than 2 mm thick.
4.3. When determining the fire spread limit, the results of fire tests of two identical design specimens should be taken into account. The limit of fire propagation by design is defined as the arithmetic mean of the test results of not less than two samples. At the same time, the indices of the highest and the lowest fire spreading limits for the two tested samples should not differ by more than 15%( from a larger value).If the results differ by more than 15%, additional tests should be carried out. If the test is carried out on the same sample, then to determine the fire propagation limit by design, the test result should be multiplied by 1.2.
5. The test report shall contain:
the name of the organization conducting the test;
name of the contracting authority;
product name with specification of technical documentation for its manufacture;
test date;
the name of the normative document under which the test was carried out;
drawings and description of the design of the samples;
data on weather conditions during testing;
for asymmetrical internal walls and partitions - indication of the side subjected to fire exposure during the test;
description of the behavior of the sample during testing, recording of controlled parameters, including thermocouples, and the results of their processing;
results of measuring the boundaries of damage to the sample in the control zone due to its burning;
conclusion with indication of the limit of fire propagation by design;
photograph of the design in the process and after the test, and if necessary - after opening the inner layers.
APPENDIX 2
Reference
EXAMPLES CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUILDINGS DEPENDING ON THEIR DEGREE OF FIRE RESISTANCE
| Degree of fire resistance | Design characteristics |
| I | Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures made from natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete with sheet and plate non-combustible materials |
| II | Same. |
| III | unprotected steel structures in building coverings Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures made of natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete. For floors, it is allowed to use wooden structures protected with plaster or hard-fire sheet, as well as slabs. The elements of the coatings are not required for fire resistance limits and fire spreading limits, and the elements of the attic of wood are exposed to fire retardant treatment. |
| IIIа | Buildings are predominantly with a skeleton construction scheme. Elements of the frame are made of steel unprotected structures. Enclosing structures - from steel profiled sheets or other non-combustible sheet materials with a flame-resistant insulation |
| IIIb | Buildings are predominantly one-storeyed with a framework structure. Elements of the frame - from solid or glued wood, subjected to flame retardant treatment, providing the required limit of fire spread. Fencing structures - from panels or element-wise assembly, made with the use of wood or materials based on it. Wood and other combustible materials of the enclosing structures must be flame retarded or protected from fire and high temperatures in such a way as to ensure the required fire spread limit. |
| IV | Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures from solid or laminated wood and other combustible or difficult combustible materials, protected from fire and high temperatures by plaster or other sheet or slab materials. The elements of the coatings are not required for fire resistance limits and fire spreading limits, and the elements of the attic of wood are exposed to flame retardant treatment. |
| IVa | Buildings are predominantly one-storeyed with a framework structure. Elements of the frame are made of steel unprotected structures. Enclosures - from steel profiled sheets or other non-combustible materials with combustible insulation |
| V | Buildings whose bearing and enclosing structures are not required for fire resistance limits and fire spreading limits |
Note. The building structures of buildings listed in this annex must meet the requirements of Table.1 and other norms of this SNIP.
SNiP 2.01.02-85 * - Fire regulations
BUILDING STANDARDS AND RULES
FIRE RULES
SNiP 2.01.02-85 *
GOSSTROY USSR
Moscow 1991
DEVELOPED CNIIIC them. Kucherenko Gosstroi USSR VN Zigern-Korn - the head of the topic LN Bruskova , doctor of technical sciences IG Romanenkov ),TsNIIPromzdany Gosstroy USSR( Candidate of Technical Sciences VV Fedorov, M.Ya. Roitman ) with the participation of NIIZhB, Promstroyproekt and Goskhimproekt Gosstroy USSR, TsNIIEP entertainment buildings and sports facilities. B.S.Mezentseva, TSNIIEP educational buildings and Central Research Institute of Housing, Gosgrazhdanstroya, MISI them. V.V.Kuibyshev Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR, VNIIPO and VTITSh MVD USSR.
INTRODUCED TSNIISK them. Kucherenko Gosstroy USSR.
PREPARED TO APPROVAL by the Glavtechnormation of the USSR State Construction Committee( GM Horin, GP Krsheminsky ).
With the introduction of SNiP 2.01.02-85 * "Fire-fighting standards" loses its force SNiP II-2-80 "Fire-prevention standards for the design of buildings and structures."
In SNiP 2.01.02-85 * amended No. 1 approved by the USSR Gosstroy Decision No. 18 of April 24, 1991
When using the normative document, it is necessary to take into account the approved changes to the building codes and state standards published in the journal "Bulletin of Construction Machinery""," Collection of changes to construction norms and rules "of the USSR State Construction Committee and the information index" State Standards of the USSR "of the State Standard.
| State Committee of the USSR for construction | Building rules and regulations | SNiP 2.01.02-85 * |
| Fireproof norms | Instead of SNiP II-2-80 |
These standards must be observed when developing projects for buildings andconstructions.
These standards establish a fire-technical classification of buildings and structures, their elements, building structures, materials, as well as general fire safety requirements for structural and planning solutions for premises, buildings and structures for various purposes.
These standards are supplemented and refined by the fire protection requirements set out in the SNiP Part 2 and other normative documents, 1 approved or agreed by the State Construction Committee of the USSR.
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1 Further on the text - "in SNiP part 2".
In these regulations, the terms and definitions given in ST SEV 383-76 and GOST 12.1.033-81 * are adopted.