The construction of a fireplace is not an easy task, and usually it is trusted by a professional cooker. However, any craftsman who is familiar with brickwork( by the example of a stove), quite by forces can independently make a fireplace for a dacha or a house. If you follow the technology, it will turn out to be a beautiful, not smoky, well-warming room. It starts with the most simple, direct model of the fireplace.
Content of the article:
- Project and materials.
- Preparatory work.
- Masonry.
- Decorating the fireplace.
Design and materials
First you need to determine the location of the fireplace. Usually it is at the outer wall of the room or in the corner between the outer and inner walls, since the back of the fireplace is very hot. Do not build a fireplace directly in front of the window or the front door, as in this case there are drafts.
The size of the fireplace and its proportions depend on the room in which it is located. So, for rooms with a volume of 40-80 cubic meters.the furnace opening of the fireplace should be equal to 1 / 50th or 1/70, that is, about 0.2-0.4 sq. m. In the linear dimensions it is approximately 36 * 45 - 52 * 77 cm.
The height of the fireplace depends on the depth of the furnace opening, the ratio should be 1: 2 or 2: 3.A deeper furnace results in a lower heat output, and a less deep combustion chamber produces smoke. For a fireplace with a hole area of 0.2 m square.it will be 18-24 cm, for 0.4 m square.- 26-35 cm.
The chimney size is connected with the furnace area. It should be 8-15 times smaller than it, on average - 10 times, that is to make 0.02 and 0.04 sq. M.respectively. This area is provided by the size, for example, 14 * 14 or 14 * 27 cm, for a round pipe diameter is 8-14 cm. The length of the chimney is from 4 to 5 meters.
The inner side walls of the fireplace furnace are angled, unfolding them outward. The back wall is tilted forward from about one-third of the height. At the top of the firebox there is a smoke chamber. Between them is the so-called "pass" - a ledge with a cornice, which prevents the penetration of sparks and soot into the chimney, and smoke - into the room.
Another important parameter on which the size of the fireplace depends is the parameters of the brick. Its standard dimensions are 6.5 * 12 * 25 cm. Considering the seam thickness of 3-5 mm, it is possible to choose the following sizes for fireplaces:
- for a room of 10 sq. M.- height 5 rows( 38.5 cm), width 2 bricks( 53 cm), depth 1 brick, pipe 14 * 14 cm,
- for a room of 15 sq. M.- height 6 rows( 46 cm), width 2.5 bricks( 66 cm), depth 1.5 bricks, pipe 14 * 27 cm,
- for room 20 m square.- the height of 7 rows( 53.5 cm), the width of 3 bricks( 79 cm), the depth of 1.5-1.75 bricks, the pipe 14 * 27 cm
To avoid mistakes when laying a fireplace on paper in a cell perform "order"- a drawing with an exact arrangement of bricks with observance of proportions. Draw starting from the base of the fireplace, placing bricks edge or flat. The lower part of the furnace consists of 2-3 rows of bricks. Having an accurate layout, you can calculate the necessary number of bricks, taking half and quarters for whole bricks, you need to add 5% of the amount to the fight and the marriage.
For bricklaying of the fireplace use stove brick, which is also called chamotte. It can withstand repeated heating up to 1000 degrees, is not susceptible to deformation and keeps heat well. The solution is prepared from the debris-free sand fraction of 0.2-1.5 mm, it must be washed from the dust in the water. Also used is furnace clay or blue, Cambrian, cement grade M300-400, rubble fraction of 2-4 cm, I described the process of solution preparation here. In addition, a metal smoke flap and 20 rods with a diameter of 8-10 mm and a length of 70 cm for reinforcement will be required.
Preparatory work for
At the first stage the foundation of the fireplace is poured. It should not be connected with the foundation of the house, but a little away from the walls. The area of the basement should be slightly larger than the area of the basement of the fireplace, with a margin of 4-6 cm from all sides. The distance of 5-10 cm between the foundation of the house and the fireplace is filled with sand.
For a foundation, a pit is dug 10-15 cm above its intended size, its depth is about 60 cm. A layer of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick is poured onto its bottom, leveled and trampled. Then a formwork is installed along the perimeter of the pit, protruding above the pit for 10-15 cm, is lined with roofing material for waterproofing, concrete is poured into it with the ratio of cement to sand 1: 3.Concrete is poured gradually, well vibrates, the surface is leveled and smoothed. Above, the embedded foundation is tightened with a plastic wrap and left for a week to dry. The top edge of the foundation should be located 6-7 cm below the level of the future floor covering.
Masonry
When the foundation is completely dry, it is laid with a roofing paper in 2 layers. A few days before the main work, soaked clay and prepare mortar for masonry according to all the rules of .For laying the first row, it is better to add a small amount of cement to the solution, 10-30% of the mass of the solution.
Pre-calibrate bricks, selecting for each row the closest in size. For a few minutes before laying the bricks are immersed in water so that when dried they do not pull moisture from the solution. The first row is often stacked with a rib, then check the shape and angle of its shape. It is necessary to check the verticality of the angles of each row with a level or plumb bob, its horizontal. To check the equality of diagonals use a tape measure or twine. The thickness of the joints should be 3-5 mm. Fireplace masonry is a painstaking job, as its quality demands are high.
The first three rows are the base of the fireplace, 4 and 5 are the ash pan, 6 and 7 are the bottom and the fireplace fireplace. Further on the 13th row inclusive the walls of the fireplace are formed, 14-19 - a smoke box, 20-25 - a chimney. The whole process of laying the fireplace can be seen on the video.
When laying the plinth and solid rows of fireplace use a trowel or trowel. The firebox and chimney are best laid out by hand, in addition to probing the solution and controlling its quality. The mortar is applied to the middle of the brick, the edges remain free. All the rows are laid out according to the scheme, for convenience they can be numbered. Particular attention is paid to the laying of the firebox and chimney channels, so it must be airtight and level, because it can not be plastered. Surplus solutions immediately removed, and the finished masonry wipe.
A beautiful curved arch of the fireplace is formed by gradual bumping of bricks up to 5-6 cm in each row. For curved bridges, a temporary formwork is used - it is circular, which is fixed by the supports under the future arch. Laying begins with a brick located in the center, and continue symmetrically in both directions.
When masonry the chimney periodically check its verticality, since a deviation can lead to a smoke in the room. The chimney, like the base, is laid using a mixture of clay and cement. The fireplace must be insulated for fire safety purposes. To do this, in the place where it passes through the roof, set the barrier and the opening.
Finishing the fireplace
Flaws in the masonry can be masked by lining the fireplace from the outside with natural stone, plastering or painting. If the work is done well, you can simply "expand" the empty seams and clean the surface of excess solution.
The clay used for laying the fireplace allows several times to disassemble the series, achieving the best quality. Unhurriedness and control at each stage of construction will help you make the first fireplace a real center of the house and a source of pride for the owners.
