Wooden staircase with own hands

Very often, country houses are built in two floors or even more. Yes, and in suburban areas, where is often acute need to save space for landings, a swimming pool or a resting place, two-story buildings also cease to be a rarity. But any construction above a single floor already requires the installation of a ladder.

A wooden ladder with our own hands can be manufactured after choosing one of the existing designs, a thorough calculation of the of all parameters, and of course, the with the in the possession of the owner of a house with high sustainable skills in working with carpentry and locksmith tools.

If this element is installed not in a cottage in a small house but in a large country mansion, you should immediately choose and build reliable and a solid construction with high quality. It should safely withstand the ascent of the massive in a very large-sized furniture. In addition, the ladder should be convenient for lifting

and descent, especially if the in the house there are small children or people with disabilities. Therefore, the is recommended to be made as flat as possible, of course, if the area of ​​the room, where it is installed, allows. In addition, for safety reasons, the staircase must always be equipped with a guard rail.

To make the right choice of stairs, you need to build on not only the of its design and the area of ​​the room, where its is planned to be installed. It is necessary to understand the typical designs, in the names and purposes of all the main parts and components.

wooden two-mast ladder kit The ladder consists of one or more flights or spans. March is called a department of stairs between two sites.

Any staircase( span ) consists of the of a series of main elements, each of which has the its name and functional purpose.

Thumbnail	Element name	Functional purpose of element
	Kosor	It is a load-bearing beam with a comb cut out from above, onto which the steps and risers are fixed. This element must have a special strength, because it falls heavy loads.
	Bowstring	Instead of stripping, a string is sometimes used, which also performs a carrier function. If a bowstring is selected to fasten the steps, then carefully mark it so that the steps are set perfectly horizontally. Stand under them serves as remote bushings or cross bars. Most often this support is used in the event that one of the sides of the stairs will be adjacent to the wall.
	Stage	Any ladder can not do without steps, which are fixed to one of the selected bearing beams( a kosor or bowstring).
	Radius stage	This type of step has a non-level, curved front edge. The details can be semicircular, have rounded corners or be cut by a "wave".
	Steering stage	This type of step has a non-standard shape and is installed at the beginning of the ladder march.
	Access	This element is optional, but it must be taken into account that it gives the staircase increased strength, as it is, supporting the middle of the step with the part. They are closing the space under the step. The riser is fastened to the remote sleeve.
	Radial approach	The radial view of the riser is installed under the steps having a semicircular shape.
	Radius bent ramp	The bent stepper is installed under the platform between the flights or under the steps having the corresponding shape.
	Balusters	Balusters are pillars for the handrails, which create a side guard for the flights of the staircase. They can have different shapes, depending on the style of the stairs.
	Support post	Support posts are installed at the beginning and at the end of the ladder, as well as at the edges of the platforms between the flights. They are extreme supports for handrails and give strength to the entire fence.
	Ball	Balls are installed from above the support posts. They are decorative elements. In addition, they cover the sharp edges of the bar from which the pillar is made.
	Handrail	Without this element, the ladder can not be dispensed with, especially if the construction has several marches. Supports for the handrail are pillars and balusters. This part should have a perfectly smooth surface so as to hold onto it, do not injure and do not injure the palm of the hand.
	Remote bushing, bar	Stands-bars are necessary in the construction of any staircase having two or more flights. Even if you are using coseworks for mounting the steps, support bushings are needed when installing the platforms between the marches.

Basic types of stair construction

Always the first thing to consider when choosing a ladder design - is the size of allocated to for on its pad. And the second criterion can be called convenience of design, comfort lifting and descent, especially if the ladder will be used in everyday life not once from once , but permanently. Third, what should influence the choice of - is an aesthetic appearance of this element of the interior, as it should fit perfectly into the style of decorating the room.

Stairs made of wood are divided into two main groups - , marching and screw. To understand how they look and what they are, you need to consider briefly each of the options.

Screw staircases

Screw staircases have a rather complex design, but their main advantage is that they occupy a minimum of useful space in the room.

I must say that they are not installed often enough, compared with the marching ones. This is explained simply by - because they are much harder to assemble, and they are not very comfortable to climb and descend, and even more so - to lift large items of furniture or household appliances onto the upper floor.

However, , they have a mass of adherents - screw designs can become a real decoration of the interior, because they have very elegant compact shapes.

For the reliable erection of the design of the spiral staircase, you need to perform a lot of complex exact calculations of the , otherwise with the its operation you can get the serious injury.

The article is mostly devoted to the flight of stairs. And yet, for lovers of independent home creativity - a detailed video about the assembly of the spiral staircase. By the way, the author shares his first experience in this field - there is an opportunity to discuss it with him.

Video: the first independent experience of manufacturing spiral staircase

Marching stairs

Floating design differs higher reliability than screw. Despite the fact that any of the marching stairs occupies a much larger area, , they are built much more often.

Such stairs can have several marches, however, in small private houses most often install one - and two marching variants of .These interior elements also feature a wide variety of designs.

So that the ladder occupies as little as possible of the useful area of ​​the room, often rotary two-march designs are chosen. Turning stairs can be arranged at an angle from 90 degrees to 180.

If the layout of the room allows( and sometimes even "requires") the ladder can have a curved design. When planning the location of the stairs, the main thing - is to create comfortable conditions for calling tenants of the house on .

Smooth turning in the design of the curved staircase is ensured by the installation of rotary stages.

Such steps are also sometimes installed in two-ladder ladders instead of sites between them.

To imagine how these stairs and their elements look, you need to consider the most popular types of in the interior of the .

Conventional single-ladder ladder

A single-ladder ladder is the simplest option, since it has a fairly simple design in the device. Staircase span can be located at the wall or in the middle of the room.

As a rule, the area undergoing a ladder march, , also uses functionally. For example, if the staircase is fixed to a wall, then closing the platform under it with a partition and installing the door, it is possible to get a small utility room for storing old things or tools.

It should be noted that this type of staircase to the second floor is the most durable, because it has reliable support in the form of walls.

Single-side curved

This type of staircase is mainly used in rooms with a large area, as it should even emphasize the spaciousness of the hall. For small country houses this construction is not suitable for , as it takes up a lot of space and is unlikely to fit into the interior.

single-march staircase The staircase turns into a large turning and extended with its side of the steps( it even looks very much like a screw), but it's these features that make it respectable, so this interior element will be a decorationspacious hall of a large mansion.

One-side curved staircase in rectangular opening

If the layout of the staircase is taken into account when planning the construction of a house, then for the lifting the to the second floor the best option is the one-mesh curvilinear design that fits well into the rectangular opening. It is compact enough and aesthetically pleasing, and also quite comfortable for lifting and descent. In addition, with one of its sides on the ground floor can also be arranged a small pantry.

Single-ladder with lower swing steps

A single-ladder ladder with swivel lower steps is sometimes needed in the room due to the layout of the room, or to maintain the chosen architectural style. For example, if there is a window on the allocated to the to install a ladder to the wall, which you do not want to close with a two-mast structure.

. For the account of smooth turning of the lower stages, and repeating this direction of fences and handrails, the staircase becomes a real decorative decoration of the interior created, without any loss of functionality.

Two-piece simple design.

The ladder, which has two flights with a turntable between them, is convenient in that its can be installed above the entrance door, thus - saving space and limiting the hall area.

In addition, it is compact enough, and the space below it can also be used to equip a small storage room.

This design is enough is reliable , it is simple and suitable for almost any interior, if you select the color and shape of the balusters fencing correctly for .

L-shaped Two-mast construction

This ladder also has two flights, but the its location perfectly saves space in the room, since the entire structure is compactly located in the rectangular opening of the , along two perpendicular walls to each other. The place below it can be used to install one of the pieces of furniture or to install an entrance door.

The ladder is convenient in operation, compact, and fits perfectly into the interior decoration of the room.

U-shaped two-ladder ladder with swivel steps and top platform.

This design is installed in luxurious country houses, with a very large area of ​​the hall. As can be seen from the solidity of the design, it is not that will suit for country houses, and its device will look ridiculous in them.

palaces. Three-mast staircase with two

platforms. The three-mast ladder design is often installed precisely to save space in the halls, but in order for its angle of the to be comfortable, a large ceiling height is required.

If in place of its installation does not have overlap between floors, then the area of ​​the second floor will be greatly reduced.

This version of the staircase is also more suitable for a mansion with spacious rooms.

calculations of the ladder design

If the space for the ladder design is determined, then, before the begins to manufacture the parts for the selected option, you must make exact calculations of , make drawing and apply all the parameters to it. If there is no certainty that everything will turn out perfectly, then you can entrust this work to specialists in the design and manufacture of wooden stairs, working in profile companies.

Height of the ladder

To determine this value, it is necessary to measure the distance between the floor levels of the first and second floors. Let us assume that the ceiling height on the first floor is 2700 mm, and the thickness of the ceiling between the floors is 300 mm. Hence, the total height of the ladder will be:

H = 2700 + 300 = 3000 mm.

Height of the

riser The specialists calculated the approximate standard height of the riser, which is based on the dimensions of the step of the person most convenient in terms of anatomy. This height can vary between 150 and 200 mm. Optimal it is considered because if the step is made lower, then with the , the will be lifted up the stairs, and you can just stumble and fall. At a higher altitude the riser on the stairs will be much more difficult to climb up and uncomfortable to go down.

The table shows the calculation data - if desired, you can simply use them:

Height of the riser depending on the total height of the ladder and the planned number of stages

Height in mm	Number of steps( pieces)
11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
2100	191	175	162	150	140	131	124
2400	200	185	171	160	150	141	133	126	120
2700	193	180	169	159	150	142	135	129	123
3000	200	188	177	167	158	150	143	137	130	125	120
3300	194	183	174	165	157	150	144	138	132	127

In order to correctly calculate the number of stages, the average height of the riser is normally adopted, based on a standard that is approximately 175 mm.

Number of stages

Knowing the height of the ladder and the of the riser, you can calculate how many steps will be taken along the entire height of the single-ladder ladder. For this purpose, the height of the ladder needs to be divided by the height of the of the , , as a result of the , the number of steps will be obtained.

For example, in the case under consideration: 3000 : 175 = 17, 1

Further, data is rounded to the nearest round number. In the , this gives 17 steps.

Step width

To avoid accidental injuries on the stairs due to unsuccessfully chosen step widths, and its must be carefully calculated. For many years it has been proven that this important element of the ladder should not be 220 ÷ 230 mm and wider than 400 mm.

And yet - on what width to stay? There is an defined proportion, which is the of the most optimal .So, in order to calculate the exact size of the step width, you can use the following safety formula, taking the "average" man's step width as the basis, which is equal to k = 600 - 640 mm.

The formula is as follows:

b = k - 2a

and - height of the riser;

b is the calculated step width.

k - as already mentioned, the average step length.

Since two values ​​are known from the formula, it is easy to calculate the third value, substitute the in the for the place of the digit designations.

b = 640 - 2 × 175 = 290 mm

The step width of 290 mm will be most comfortable for lifting and descending the stairs.

The width of the ladder

The width of the ladder, in principle, depends on the area, allocated to the for this architectural design, and from the preferences of the owner of the house, so the can tell the that it is allowed by anyone. Nevertheless, , there is an important caveat: safety rules require not to make it difficult to evacuate people in emergency situations - the width of the span should not be less than 800 mm. And for a comfortable passage of tenants and the passage of furniture items , the most optimal width for a staircase of an apartment house is considered to be a range from 1000 to 1500 mm.

To facilitate compliance with the proportions and to comply with the rigidity of the design, experts advise to repulse from the fold width of the march to the width of the stage.

The length of the ladder in the plan

To calculate the length of the ladder, you need to use two already of the known values ​​ - is the number and width of the steps. To do this, the width of the step is multiplied by their number.

In the example we are considering, this will be:

F = 290 × 17 = 4930 mm

It's almost five meters long - is a fairly long ladder, and if you arrange its in one march, then you need a room, at least insix meters.

Not every house can find such spaces, therefore , with such parameters it is necessary to make its in two marches with a turn of 90 degrees. Between the marches it will be necessary to arrange a platform, which, however, can also be replaced by turning steps.

Slope and ceiling size

When building a ladder, you should not forget about calculation ceiling opening , because if you do not take care of it in advance, then with lifting to the second floor of you will have to bend down .And this is always a rather high risk of getting a head injury, especially for people who are not familiar with this feature of a particular staircase.

This parameter will largely depend on the slope of the stairs. The bias will also largely affect the comfort of ascent of and descent.

The optimal slope is the slope, which can vary between 23 and 36 degrees. However, quite often it is simply impossible to arrange a ladder at a convenient angle because of the small area of ​​the room - the steeper the steep slope, the smaller the area it occupies.

For example, if the ladder can be installed only at an angle that is more than 45 degrees, then it will not take the much space, but it will be considered already attached. In this case, to save the area of ​​the room, often make a folding ladder.

may be the best choice. If there is an opportunity to allocate at least 1.5 square meters for installing a ladder on the floor of the ground floor,m, the is suitable spiral staircase, which does not will take a lot of space( about this already mentioned above).

structure. The size of the opening in the ceiling will depend on the angle under which the staircase is installed. For example, for a ladder or a folding ladder, you need a very small opening for the hatch. For a gently sloping, most comfortable slope, the opening will have to do quite a lot, as the distance at any point throughout the of the ascent between the ceiling and the staircase steps should be at least 1.95 ÷ 2 meters.

It is necessary that a person having a high st rides along the flight of stairs without the risk of hitting the with the head

. For this, when marking the location of a single-staircase ladderwill be installed at the wall, the following measurements are made:

• On the wall determine the angle at which the ladder will be installed.
• By installing the lower point near the floor and the upper one, at the ceiling, they are connected by a solid line - , then the support elements for the steps will be attached to it later.
• Further, on the drawn line a place is determined where the distance between it and the ceiling will be the desired two meters.
• From this point exactly on the level, the line to the junction between the wall and the - ceiling is drawn and it will determine one of the boundaries of the opening in the ceiling.
• Then, exactly at the right angle to the mark at the joint, a line is drawn on the ceiling, the length of which will be equal to the width of the ladder. Similarly also marks the second side of the rectangle of the opening in the ceiling.
• On the floor, exactly under the ceiling rectangle, you need to draw exactly the same , and then, using the plumb line, check the correctness of their relative position.
• Thus, on the ceiling there will be defined size , which allows you to calmly climb the stairs, without any risk of getting an accidental head injury.
• Next, the needs to cut the opening in the ceiling before installing the ladder.

Length of the oblique

To calculate the length of the stripe, you need to use the from all the from the school bench with the familiar formula of the Pythagorean theorem that precisely defines the relationship of the sides of the right triangle:

L² = F² + H² , so L = √( F² + H² )

L is the defined length of the strut;

F - the length of the ladder in the plan( defined above);

N - ladder height( also found earlier )

Using earlier certain parameters and substituting for them instead of designations in the formula, you can set the desired length.

L = √( 4930² + 3000²) = 5771

The result is that the length of the fillet is 5771 mm or 5, 77 m

Materials for the wooden ladder

After the completely completed calculations and compiled drawing of the future construction, you can proceed to purchase materials.

For work you need:

• Boards of different thickness and length:

- for manufacturing strings or bowstrings - width, approximately in 250, 50 mm thick, and the required length is determined by the above formula;

- for steps - thickness, at least in 20 ÷ 25 mm;

- for risers you need material that has a thickness of 30 ÷ 40 mm.

• Balusters and handrails can be purchased ready-made or . manufactured by yourself. However, it will require special equipment( turning, thicknesser , milling machine) and a bar of 150 × 150 and 100 × 100 mm. It should be noted that the manufacture of these - elements is quite a difficult task, and in the absence of the experience is better not to undertake such a job, as it can only be unsuccessfully transferred to a sawdust.
• In addition to lumber, nails and screws are required. It is possible that for mounting some elements you will also need reinforcing metal corners.

Production of parts and assembly of the

ladders Using the drawing prepared and carefully calculated , according to dimensions specified in it alternately is manufactured and immediately installed the elements of the ladder.

Bowstring or strings

• On the boards prepared for the manufacture of oblique socks, the required length is marked and the excess is cut off.
• The next stage of is marking " comb " according to the calculated dimensions. For this purpose, you need a square and a long ruler. The remaining unaffected stripe of the board - the one that is below the " comb ", should never be less than half the total width of the board.

Kosowing should be marked with taking into account the angle, under which the ladder will be mounted. Therefore, the basis for the first step and the lower section for installation on the floor, it is necessary to compare with the gradient line marked on the wall. It is important that the steps are placed in horizontal planes, without "blockages" inside or out.

prepared template for layout. Then, focusing on these parameters, the entire comb is marked and cut out - for this you can make a template on the first step that will simplify the work.

• The next step on the floor fixes the limiting stop bar along the line where the ladder will start.

In order to install kosoury to the beam, you can use two methods - by making cuts in the form of grooves in the beam itself or on the contrary - on the boss.

• Next, the skewer is installed on the support beam on the floor, tightly pressed and fixed to the side wall, as well as in the ceiling .
• Then to the bar on the floor and in the the opening is set to the width of the ladder and the second is fastened - a hanging kosour.

It should be noted that sometimes for the rigidity of the design does not require two, but three or even four oblique - , their number will depend on the chosen width of the ladder.

• In the ceiling oblique, it is also necessary to connect the with a reliable bar.

The bars to be supported and supported by the base of the ladder must be firmly fixed to the floor and in the ceiling .

• It is very important to set all Kosowrs perfectly smoothly in relation to each other, otherwise the steps may have an undesirable inclination to the sides.

and

step setting

on the on the is installed first risers. They are made so long, which should be equal to the width of the ladder.

After the of the risers are secured, the installation of pre-milled treads( steps) begins. The length of the boards for them should be greater than the width of the distance between the two extreme strips by 10-20 mm, and the width should exceed the projection of the comb by 20 ÷ 30 mm.

The traces are fixed to the strips and under the risers with screws, so that the heads of the fastening elements are completely deepened into the wood.

Installation of support pillars and balusters

Installation of balusters and pillars - is not so light problem, as it may seem initially. Its solution requires very accurate markup and fitting.

• At the edge of the steps, places are marked for which prepared balusters and support posts will be installed.
• The hole in the steps for mounting the of the is located at a distance from the of the edge of the equal to half the width of the baluster base, so that the of its edge of the coincides with the lateral section of the stage.

The next step is to drill holes on the marked steps. The dowels prepared according to the size of the are pasted into the arranged holes. The dowel must protrude from the step surface by 10 ÷ 15 mm.

• Then, very carefully, accurately on the diameter of the dowel,( it is usually 8 or 10 mm) holes are drilled in the base of the balusters and pillars.
• Poles on a single-ladder ladder are installed by at the beginning of and at the end of the march. First, only the upper posts are installed, the lower ones will be mounted last.
• Next, you need to install one ÷ two balusters on the dowels and measure the angle of the top surface of the , attaching a handrail to them. Having determined the desired line, it is necessary to note and cut off the excess part from all prepared elements.
• Further, the base of the balusters and the hole for the dowels are greased with glue, and then it is placed on the protruding dowel .

Balusters are exposed vertically on the level and are well pressed against the steps, fixed, and then left until the glue dries completely.

• Then, the railing is prepared. Their edges are cut at the right angle - it's easy to align on the spot. On their sections, holes are also drilled, with the help of which the connection of the rails with the supporting pillars will be carried out.
• When the glue under the baluster completely dries, the railing is mounted on top of them. The hole drilled on the upper section of the perimeter strip is put on the dowel pasted into the top post .

Then, the railings are laid on balusters, glued on top with glue. Thanks to the groove cut from the bottom of the banister, the balusters will be firmly fixed in the desired position. But, nevertheless , the next step with the help of thin self-screws balusters are screwed to the railing from the bottom.

• self-tapping screws. The last one is the lower support post that connects to the lower cut of the rail, the is also by gluing in the of the dowel.

Upon completion of the assembly work, and after the the joinery glue dries, the stairs are covered with a special antiseptic primer. After its is completely absorbed and dried, the wood is covered with a clear varnish, preferably on a water basis, or with a paint of the selected shade.

Video: Installation of the wooden two-ladder ladder

It is quite difficult to manufacture and mount even the simplest ladder - , especially if there is no proper experience in this work. At the slightest lack of self-confidence it is recommended to seek help from specialists - although would have in order to carry out even independent work, but under their vigilant leadership. Errors here absolutely not allowed - incorrectly designed or carelessly mounted construction can lead to serious injuries.