Types of foundations and their application

In order to begin any capital construction, you need to determine the type of foundation on which the object will stand. This choice depends on many factors: the type of building, the material of its walls, the number of storeys, the properties of the soil, the depth of groundwater, the amount of financing for the project. In order to make the right choice, you need to know what kinds of foundations and their application are.

Overview of the classic types of foundations

Even in ancient times, people noticed that the construction of buildings must be done on a firm and solid basis. Depending on the natural conditions of the area, each region has its own traditions for the construction of a foundation. By our time, mankind has applied several types of bases, both in private and in large-scale industrial construction. These include:

• Column.
• Tape, which is monolithic and prefabricated.
• Plate.
• Pile.

All of them have their own features and scope. Everyone has both advantages and disadvantages, which everyone must know who plans to start building any capital object.

Barrel foundation types

If you plan to build a wooden or frame house with a light structure that does not have a basement, then this type of foundation is considered the most suitable. Its significant plus in low cost compared to other species. After all, the material for him is the least, and the labor costs are small. For a long time this foundation was used to build houses from logs and timber. On the poles, the first bearing row of the frame and the joists were laid.

According to the construction columnar foundation is divided into wooden and stone( brick).The foundation of the tree was popular for many centuries in regions where there are forests with massive trees. Today it can also be used, for example, to build a summer cottage in order to save money. It is not difficult to make such poles. To do this, dig open trenches, which are vertically installed wooden chairs made from pine or oak lumps with a diameter of at least 25 cm. At the same time, the broom should be turned downwards.

For greater stability, the bottom of the posts often abut against a different solid base or make additional reinforcing elements. This increases the footprint, which makes such a foundation more reliable. As a support using a concrete slab or a construction of wood in the form of a cross with struts. In some cases this support is made of liquid concrete. To do this, the column is immersed in a solution of 15 cm and fixed vertically. After solidification of the monolith, the column will remain "tight".The wooden cross is made by fastening cross-wise two blocks of 70 cm in length. Connect it to the post with a spiked joint for greater strength.

The number of chairs depends on the area of ​​the erected building and the mass of the building. In any case, they should be installed in the corners and at the intersections with the bearing walls. Additional pillars are made, if necessary, for each ton of structural weight, one column with a support area of ​​at least 490 mm2, if the load-bearing capacity of the soil is normal 2 kg / cm2.The pillars in the foundation pit are layered with sand and tamped. For a longer service life, wooden structures are burned and smeared with tar or workmanship.

Wooden pillars have a significant drawback - it's their fragility. No measures will allow the use of wooden foundations for decades. If a brick or stone is used for the columnar foundation, then this defect can be successfully avoided. The device of a stone columnar foundation is carried out with the help of rubble masonry. In this case, binding of the joints is mandatory. As a filler, granite stones, bricks or quarry stones are used. Masonry is made of brick-iron ore. The usual red and silicate bricks are not used for this purpose, as it is destroyed by moisture. In extreme cases, for him to make a good waterproofing.

If you started construction on a wetland, it will not be possible to erect on it, neither a wooden nor stone foundation. In this case, the output will be the installation of a prefabricated columnar foundation. Elements of such a foundation are made in advance by rigidly fastening a column to a concrete flat base. The poles themselves make reinforced concrete with reinforcement. It is also possible to install asbestos pipes, which are filled with reinforcement from scraps of old pipes or wire and poured with concrete. The surface is smeared with bitumen. For pouring apply cement grade M300 and M400.In place such a foundation can be made by drilling wide holes and installing pipes in them with subsequent pouring with concrete.

Arrange columnar types of foundations in dry soils. They are not suitable for areas where there is a significant slope of the surface, since skew may occur. You should not choose this type of foundation, if the house is planned to be built with a basement or a basement floor.

Different types of tape foundation

Perhaps this is the most common type of foundation. It is used in the construction of almost any buildings and structures, especially in private construction. The parameters of such a foundation depend on the mass of the structure and the properties of the soil. Convenience lies in the fact that the walls of such foundations are solid and can serve as walls of basements or a basement floor.

There are several types of strip foundation: prefabricated, butovy, monolithic and panel. All of them are made using different technologies, but the common thing is that they resemble a tape lying on the ground. That is, it is a solid foundation with no gaps. It is worth dwelling in more detail on each of them.

Prefabricated strip foundation is made of reinforced concrete blocks, which are fastened together. They are very heavy, so for the construction of lifting equipment is required. For these purposes, ferroconcrete constructions with a width of 300, 400 and 600 mm are produced. Before the construction of the foundation, a device of 10 cm of concrete preparation is produced. Already put the first row of blocks on it. Between each other, the elements are fastened by pouring the solution into the technological grooves present on each product. The second row is placed on the first in a mortar like brick masonry. This dressing is observed in all corners. The joints are smeared with a solution.

With insufficient bearing capacity of the soil under such a foundation, a support is made from special foundation blocks that are 800 to 2800 mm wide with 200 mm pitch. The use of a block prefabricated tape foundation is not advisable to do in houses where there will be a ground floor, since joints will freeze. Or it is necessary to produce high-quality, and therefore expensive, waterproofing.

Another type of ribbon foundation is the butovy. Its use is permissible for the construction of buildings up to 2 floors. Fill such a foundation in the trenches of the enemy to the walls. On the compacted bottom stack quarry stones in the size of 25 - 30 cm. The intervals between them are covered with crushed stone, compacted with a ramming, after which all it is poured with concrete solution. Above the ground, such a foundation should rise by 15 cm and have a width greater than the width of the walls. The sole of such foundations for normal soil is 60 cm wide. If the soil is loose and has a small density, then the area should be further increased.

Monolithic tape foundation is poured entirely from a cement mortar, which includes cement, sand, gravel and water. Usually, three pieces of sand are taken to one part of the cement. The bottom of the trench is rammed and filled with rubble. After that, pour the solution. Above the above-ground part they erect formwork from wooden shields. The width of such a foundation must also be greater than the width of the walls of the building. Shields are connected with bars in order to avoid their divergence. The inside of the formwork is placed with a reinforcement connected to each other. Then the entire volume of formwork is poured into the solution to the desired height and the upper plane is leveled along the horizon. All surfaces of such a foundation must have a waterproofing.

Today, there is another new way to install a ribbon foundation. It is applicable for houses made of wood having a basement. The construction uses foundation panels with a thickness of only 260 mm. They have a cellular structure filled with a heater. The concrete itself contains water-repellent additives, which makes the waterproofing unnecessary. Manufacture of such panels is made to order for any type of building.

In addition, there are structures of foam plastic, inside which concrete is poured. This, so-called, non-removable formwork. Styrofoam remains as if put on the foundation, which ensures its heat protection at a very high level. The advantage of this design is that there is no need to build a formwork. It is enough to place foam plastic molds in the trench and pour them with concrete. Above such structures are covered with finishing materials. Since the foam is very much afraid of sunlight, then it must be done as quickly as possible.

Plate foundation

This type of foundation is a solid monolithic slab of concrete. It is made in the case of a high groundwater table and on weak soil types with uneven compression. The slab is stacked ready, manufactured at the factory, or poured into the place using metal scrap, reinforcement, wire and the like. To do this, remove the soil to the underlying hard rock, ram the bottom of the pit and cover with sand for 5 - 7 cm. Then re-ram and tidy the reinforcement as evenly as possible, so that it does not rise above the upper level. Pouring is made in one set, preferably from a concrete carrier.

The slab foundation is very reliable, but its disadvantage is that under it it is impossible to arrange even an underground, not to mention the basement. The advantage of this type of foundation is that it can be laid on the floor, by arranging insulation and screed. There is no need for additional lags.

Pile foundation types

There are three types of pile foundations. All of them are buried deep into the ground, and from above are connected with each other by grills, forming a solid skeleton. Piles-struts are driven or pressed into a dense continental rock. In private construction, a depth of 4-6 m is sufficient. Hanging piles do not reach these layers and are driven into compacted soil. Screw piles are made of metal pipes that have a screw at the end. They are not driven into the ground, but screwed like a screw. Usually piles are made of reinforced concrete or steel. The main drawback of the pile foundation is the need for piling equipment. This type of foundation is the only possible in permafrost and mobile soils.

On any kind of foundation arrange a socle. The walls begin to be laid on him already. Most often, the base is made of bricks for waterproofing. The plinth is always slightly wider than the walls and already the foundation. The main function of the socle is to protect the walls from dampness and to install ventilation in the basement. In addition, this design allows you to build floor lags. Waterproofing at the basement is vertical and horizontal. It provides protection from the penetration of moisture to the walls from the ground.

Knowing the features of all types of foundations, you can easily determine the choice of the most suitable for your home. It should be said that the most expensive types are monolithic foundations, since they require a large amount of material. Cheaper than the other columnar and screw pile, but they have limitations on the type of soil. Choosing this or that type of foundation, you need to remember that it is the foundation of the building, and on its quality depends the safety and durability of the entire structure.