First of all, it should be recalled that any construction of residential or industrial buildings and structures is strictly under an agreed and approved project. All documentation, which concerns the construction of the building, is developed by engineers-designers of construction specialties. Including base calculations. However, in everyday life, you often have to build something yourself, not very "monumental", but very necessary. For example, a garage, a sauna, a garden house on the site. And here, of course, you should take care of a quality foundation. Practice shows that the cost of erecting a foundation can go up to ¼ of the cost of the entire construction of the facility. And if the calculation of the foundation is done incorrectly, the conversion will cost an immeasurably greater amount. Plus wasted time, strength and nerves. Therefore, before starting construction work, you need to know how to calculate the foundation of the foundation of the house. What is the foundation for? Its task, first, to withstand the weight of the entire structure and evenly distribute the load on the ground. Secondly, to protect the structure from underflooding by underground, thawed waters.
What you need to consider when calculating the foundation
Features of the soil and what type of foundation to make
The foundation is of several types: plate, tape, pile, on poles. Sometimes used and a few altered designs, which are "modifications" of the main types. However, often measures are taken to change the soil. For example, if the terrain is marshy, a partial excavation of the soil is done and more durable material is poured. Often used slag, which gradually turns into concrete;
Depth of foundation laying
This parameter depends on two factors. It is necessary to determine how deep the ground( underground) water lies in this place. Also taken into account is the depth to which the soil freezes in winter;
What load the foundation of the
must withstand We must understand that the foundation( foundation) holds the whole structure, which has a certain weight. Weight have walls, roof, ceiling, floor. Plus, the weight has also doors, window frames, etc. How do you calculate this weight? Known material, known area, known specific weight of each kind of material( on the Internet, many reference tables on this topic).Therefore, the total weight of the entire structure can be calculated. Do not forget that there will be something in the building: furniture, household appliances, etc. All this will also be added to the total weight, even including people in the premises of the house.
Trench under the foundation of
Naturally, before making a foundation, you should prepare a trench. It is possible to specify its maximum depth for some soils:
- sand or gravel 1 m
- sandy loam 1.25 m
- clay, loam 1.5 m
But there is also a certain minimum of a bookmark:
- dry ground 0,7 m
- wet soil 1,2 m
If the building has a basement, then the minimum depth is 0,4 m( from the basement floor level). In individual construction, a tape-type foundation is most often used. It has such an advantage as a rigid bundle of all elements in any direction( longitudinal, transverse).
click to enlarge
Limit loads
It is understood that the "total" weight of the structure should not exceed the load that the soil can withstand. We give some data on the maximum load, depending on the type of soil( in kg / cm2).
- coarse sand, gravel 3.5 - 4.5
- fine wet sand 2 - 3
- hard clay 3 - 6
- gravel, crushed stone 5 - 6
The weight of the foundation itself should be taken into account. In any case, it must be understood that such calculations are made individually for each structure.