Water in a cottage or in a private house is a necessary resource, it is impossible to do without. However, the organization of a common water supply system is often impractical. In view of remoteness of landed estates, centralized water supply is an expensive pleasure. The individual source of water is easier and cheaper to use. True, first you need to organize it. Own well will provide its owner with the confidence that the economic needs of the site and housing will be met. In this case, the owners do not have to pay for water supply, considering every cubic meter of water spent. Wells are difficult to dig and expensive, but you can drill a well yourself - if you know the drilling technology and the type of well construction.
Different types of wells and their features
Types of wells and their features
Before drilling, the site area should be investigated by determining the level of groundwater occurrence. This parameter will determine the amount of work that will need to be done to make the well become aquifer. The type of well is chosen, given the depth of the water-bearing formation.
If water meets at a depth of 3-12 m, choose the type "Abyssinian well".At a depth of 50 m, a sandy well is used, and artesian, if the water lies in the ground at least 200 m. The first two types can be performed by hand almost every summer resident, but an artesian well will require a drilling rig and professional drillers.
borehole
is manually pumped by a sand hole. This type of source involves pumping water from a depth of 50 m. A sandy well is called so because it "gives water" from a water-bearing sand layer of soil, the occurrence of which, usually, is just fifty meters. This depth does not guarantee the purity of water, therefore it is periodically recommended to check the contents of the well in the Sanitary Station for the presence of organic and chemical compounds.
For the organization of a sandy well, a classical scheme with a pump is used. And to clean the water from suspensions and debris, use a filter installed at a depth. The filter must be cleaned regularly. The service life of the sand well is about 15 years.
Sand Drilling Scheme Well Abyssinian Well
This is the simplest well-bore needle. It is shallow, so care must be taken to carefully select a place for it.
If there is no gravel and other hard rocks in the ground, drilling of the well can be done in the near-home area or directly in the basement of the house. Well in the basement is convenient to use even in frosts. The home well is equipped with a hand column and a pump so that water can be used, regardless of the presence of electricity.
Drilling of artesian well
Assuming that there are already wells of this type in neighboring areas, there is a high probability of occurrence of water in a given area of water in a limestone formation. In other cases, drillers are commissioned an experimental well to determine the depth of the water. The artesian well can provide several sections of water at once. Often drilling is ordered in a fold to save and obtain the desired result.
The choice of the type of well depends on the type of soil and the planned amount of water consumed. Abyssinian well and sand well will provide a small expense. And if the flow is from 10 cubic meters per hour, it will be necessary to arrange an artesian well. Any well should be better drilled away from potential pollutants and not far from the house, so that there are no problems with laying the water pipe.
tool for drilling artesian well
Drilling equipment and tools
When drilling artesian wells, professionals use drilling rigs. For conventional wells, a conventional tripod with a winch is suitable. It will lower and lift the drilling tool, consisting of a core pipe, drill rods, a drilling column, a drill.
Special equipment, without which it is problematic to make a well, is a drilling tool that will help to get deeper into the ground( auger), tripod and winch. To drill a well with your own hands you will need a metal auger. As an auger may serve icebuck, which is used for winter fishing. The main thing is that the drill was made of high-strength steel. This is the cheapest option for drilling a well. In addition to the tripod, pipes of different diameters( water pipes, hoses, casing), valves, caisson, filters, pump for the well will be needed.
Drilling process of artesian well
Drilling operations: stages
1. First you need to dig a pit or pier, the dimensions of which are 150 by 150 cm. To ensure that the cavity does not crumble, its walls are plywood, boards, pieces of particle board. Another option is to dig a barrel with a diameter of 15-20 cm and a depth of 1 m in a conventional drill. This is done in order to keep the pipe steadily in an upright position.
2. Directly above the recess place a strong metal or wooden tripod( it is called a drilling rig), fixing the winch at the junction of its supports. More often there are towers from logs. On the tripod hangs a drill column with one and a half meters( with independent drilling) with bars. The bars are threaded in one tube, fixed with a clamp. This design is used for lifting and lowering equipment.
The pump is selected in advance, in order to determine the diameter of the future well and the core pipe. The pump must pass freely into the pipe. That is why the difference between the diameter of the pump and the inner diameter of the pipe should be at least 5 mm.
The descent and recovery of drilling equipment - and there is a well drilling. The bar is cranked while striking on top of it with a chisel. Together, this is much more convenient: the first turns the gas key, and the second strikes the bar from above, punching the rock. The use of a winch simplifies the process: lifting and lowering the equipment into the well is much easier with it. The bar is marked during drilling. Markings are required for orientation. Marking helps determine when it's time to pull the bar and clean the drill. It is usually recommended to do this about every half a meter.
3. To make it easier to overcome different layers of soil, special drills are used.
- spiral drill( otherwise, coil) - for clay soils;
- drill bit for loosening solid soils;
- burl-spoons for sandy soil;
- bailer helps lift the ground to the surface.
4. Sand layer is easier to pass a bur-spoon, adding water while drilling. In case the soil is solid, use a chisel. The drill bits are cross and flat. In any case, their purpose is to help loosen solid rock. The sand-quicksands are overcome by a shock method.
With clay soil, a serpentine, a bailer and a bur-spoon are required. Coils or spiral drills, clay soils pass well, since they have a construction similar to a spiral, the spiral pitch being equal to the diameter of the drill. The size of the bottom base of the drill is from 45 to 85 mm, the blade is from 258-290 mm. Pebble strata containing gravel, punch, alternating a bailer and chisel, with casing pipes. Sometimes you can not do without pouring water into the hole. This can greatly simplify the task of drilling a well. The option of drilling a well using a pump is also worth considering.
soil drilling process 5. If the rock that is brought to the surface has become important, then the aquifer is already close. It takes a little more to go deep in order to cross the aquifer. Drilling will become noticeably easier, but you can not stop. It is necessary to find a waterproof layer with a drill.
Well completion and swing
After the required depth is reached, the next stage begins - the arrangement. A filter column consisting of a pipe, a settler and a filter is lowered into the finished well. It can be made with your own hands from the filtration mesh, perforation and casing or use a ready-made, antifreeze filter for a submersible pump bought in the store.
Well construction process
To strengthen the pipe, space behind it is covered with gravel of a 5-millimeter fraction or coarse-grained sand. The backfill must be above the filter level. A filter is the most important element of any well. The main function of the filter is to protect it from sand and large impurities. In parallel with the backfill, pumping water into the pipe with a sealed upper end is carried out. This manipulation helps to flush the annulus and filter. After washing, a natural barrier is formed for large impurities. Zhelonerirovanie wells with a nozzle-bailer or a screw pump means that fresh water is pumped out until the water becomes clear and transparent. This stage is called swinging. For her most often use an electric centrifugal pump. The advantage of this mechanism is that it can pump liquid media with increased density. A normal household pump is also permissible, but it will require more effort and time. In case of problems with power supply, it is possible to use a hand pump.
Pipeline for
well After pumping on the safety rope, lower the pump to the depth( see picture above).To it connect a water pipe or a hose, in diameter 25 or 50 mm. The choice of diameter depends on the capabilities of the well - the amount of water that can be pumped out of the well for a certain period of time.
If a metal pipe is used, the pump is not fixed. Instead, a watertight cable from the pump is attached to the pipe.
Sample pump for the well
Pump for the well. Features of
In order to select the correct power pump, it is necessary to take into account such parameters as:
- well debit, its depth indicators;
- casing diameter;
- remoteness of the well from the house.
The required pump power directly depends on these parameters. At a shallow depth( up to 9 m) a self-priming surface pump is suitable, in other cases a submersible downhole pump will serve a good service.
After submerging the pump, a pipe is installed at the wellhead, equipped with a caisson, welded to its head. A valve is mounted on it, which will open the way to the water upward and regulate the flow. If the water intake is excessive, the low-productivity well will dry up quickly, and the pump, when idling, will fail. In the caisson, connect the pipes, which will be a conduit into the room. For them it is required to provide waterproof and insulated trenches. Read about how to choose a pump for the well can be here, but about how to choose a pump for the well here.
Well
Well-timed cleaning requires wells of all types. Signs that the water well is required to service can be: jerks in the outlet of water, the presence in the flow of air congestion, impurities( mud, sand).If you miss the maintenance moment, the productivity of the well can no longer be restored. To restore normal functions, the well is purged with a water or air compressor. More radical methods of cleaning - acid or electricity. However, these methods are risky and they should be trusted by specialists.
Advice for those who make a well on their own
Before starting work, it would be good to ask neighbors what the water level is in your area. If there are wells nearby - look there.
Water level above 5 m is good news, because only a garden drill will be needed from drilling tools.
Small-sized drilling rig or mechanical drilling device - "hand lever", it is possible to rent. So you will get the opportunity to use convenient equipment and not pay big money for it.
Do not lower the pipe-water pipe into the well to the very bottom. It should not reach the deepest point about half a meter. So the water will better go up.
The pipe leading to the well must necessarily have vent holes on the surface, otherwise, without access to air, the water will quickly become musty. It is convenient to equip a hinged cover on the pipe so that there is constant access to the well.
The most convenient for the equipment of the well is a one-piece plastic pipe.
After the well has earned, be sure to give your water for examination. Water is recognized as drinking if its transparency is not less than 30 cm, nitrate content is not more than 10 mg / l, in 1 liter less than 10 E. coli, and maximum assessment of odor and taste is 3 points.
Well construction and finishing
Drawbacks and advantages of hand drilling
Advantages: cheap;no need to arrive at the site of bulky special equipment;due to the relatively small depth, self-made wells are pumped faster, less tightened;if there is no electricity, the water can be obtained by a manual suction pump.
The main drawback of self-drilling is limited depth, a shortage of specialists who can help in servicing the self-made well. Thus, after reading this article, we hope that you will not have any questions about how to drill a well with your own hands.
Video - Well Drilling Process Step 1
Video - Well Drilling Step 2
Video - Well Drilling Step 3
