Autonomous sewerage by one's own hands

When building a country house, sooner or later the question arises about the need to build a sewer system. Since centralized sewerage is present only in the city, the owner of suburban real estate always thinks about building an autonomous system. Of course, you can hire specialists who will conduct all calculations and install a septic tank, but it will be costly enough. To save money, everyone can learn how to build an autonomous sewer system with their own hands.

Our article is designed to expand everything from the beginning to the end, starting with the calculation and ending with commissioning. After reading it, you will have a good idea of ​​the principles and methods of installing self-contained sewer systems in a suburban area. If you have the desire and ability to handle tools, you can independently mount an autonomous sewage system of one of the types.

Design stage

When a country house is being built, it is most often done according to an individual project. Accordingly, there is no standard scheme for sewerage, and you will have to make the calculations yourself. To do this, you need to know the basic rules of designing sewer systems and their device. Initially, they draw a scheme of internal sewerage with the indication of all plumbing devices and the parameters of the pipes between them.

For outdoor sewage, the main parameter is the performance of septic tanks, which depends on the number of people living in the house and the number of plumbing fixtures. In addition, the depth of the laying of pipelines and septic tanks in the ground or the degree of their insulation in case of outdoor installation is of no small importance. These parameters depend on climatic conditions. The main condition here is the maintenance in the septic tank of a temperature sufficient for the life of bacteria, which decompose impurities. Optimum is the temperature of 50 degrees. The type of septic that is chosen depends on the geological structure of the soil layers and the depth of the groundwater in the area.

Everyone who is going to design an autonomous sewer in a country house should understand that it consists of several interconnected parts:

• The internal sewage system consists of a certain number of pipes that are connected to each other in a common network by means of shaped connecting parts. It has a common exit from the house and connects to an external sewage system through a so-called check valve, which is designed to prevent water from rising into the house when the tanks are full. Internal sewer networks are sometimes present not only in the house itself, but also in other buildings on the site. In this case, each of them has its own output connected to the septic tank.
• The external sewage system can be of several types: a cesspool( suitable for rarely visited places, for example, cottages or baths), storage capacity( suitable for small amounts of water), a septic tank or a biological treatment station( the most suitable options for a full-fledged country house with permanent residence).
• A storm sewer system is installed on poorly drained soils around the house. It can be independent, but sometimes it is integrated into a common system.

For proper installation, any of these systems must be carefully designed.

Carrying out the necessary calculations for

There are a large number of initial data on which the parameters of a particular system will depend. Calculations are made for each part of the sewage system separately. At the same time, it is worthwhile to design the internal sewage system at the stage of creating a general building project.

Internal networks

In order for the internal sewerage system to work in the normal mode and not to fail, it is necessary to make its competent calculation according to the existing regulations:

• The optimum installation locations for all plumbing devices inside the building are determined in full compliance with the regulations and existing regulations. Immediately, the type of connection of these devices to the system is projected.
• Choose the most suitable way of draining the system. Known gravity and gravity internal sewerage systems. In private houses, a more elementary second variant is predominantly mounted. But, in this case, the correct calculation of the angle of inclination of the pipes is made.
• The angle of any sewage pipe depends on its diameter and length. According to the regulations, it is prescribed to tilt pipes 50 mm in diameter by 3 cm for each running meter, pipes of diameter 100 - 110 mm 2 cm / m. More than 160 mm tubes are 0.8 cm / m.
• To calculate the required diameter of the sewage pipe, calculate the power of the plumbing device to which it is connected.
• Find an optimally acceptable place for installing the pipe pipes and risers.
  These are required to equalize the pressure in the entire sewage system.

An important condition for designing an internal sewer is the task of reducing the number of angles to a minimum. This is due to the fact that it is in the corners that clogs are most often formed.

Outdoor devices

When designing an outdoor sewage system, environmental requirements for carrying out activities on a private plot are taken into account. For example, too close a location of a water well or a well for supplying households with drinking water does not make it possible to construct septic tanks without having multi-stage cleaning. The method of draining is important. In rare cases, a centralized tap is used, but an autonomous sewage system is much more often used. The volume of storage tanks and their performance directly depends on the number of people living in the house and the total amount of their water consumption.

The external sewage system is one with the internal network of sewer pipes. The connection is made by means of an outlet pipe, which is lowered below the level at which the ground hardening stops. If this is impossible or inexpedient, it is necessary to consider the method of warming and heating this section of the pipe.

The rules for disposing of sewage disposal tanks are as follows:

• A conventional unprotected pit should be located not less than 15 m from the foundation of the house.
• An overflow well with an open second capacity of 12 m.
• Septic tanks of any kind - 5 m.
• Modern high-tech biological treatment stations - 3 m.

If the tank is located at a sufficiently large distance from the house, then regardless of its depth,insulate with heat-insulating materials. It is also possible to use an electric heating cord.

Construction phase

The entire sewage system is constructed in several stages, which alternate with a certain sequence. During the design, a diagram of all communications must be made, indicating the length of the pipes and their diameters. Stoyak and pipes that go horizontally from the house to the external sewer are made of plastic pipes with a diameter of 100 - 110 mm. The rest of the piping is made from 50 mm pipes. The diameter of the background pipe is equal to the diameter of the riser. It generally can be its continuation. The internal and external sewage systems can be connected by a corrugated pipe. This gives a great guarantee of reliability when moving the ground. However, its inner surface should be smooth.

Preparatory stage

At this stage, a tool is prepared for the production of work. For internal systems, you will need:

• Saw on plastic products, which is called undercut. It is used to cut pipes to the required dimensions.

• A sharp knife designed for cutting various barbs on slices and forming chamfers at the cut ends of the pipe.
• Complete sets of rubber mounting seals.

The installation of an external system will require the presence of: shovels or earthmoving equipment, as well as building materials such as gravel, sand, cement, insulation.

It is not enough to install a sewage system with pipes only. Needed and also shaped parts to them:

• Taps, which are necessary for the formation of different angles. There are 45 or 90 degree parts. At the ends they have sockets with sealing rings for more tight connection of pipes between themselves.
• Transitional tapping bridges are needed to create common connections between two pipes of the same diameter.
• Triple or quadruple fittings are designed for the organization of branching of the pipeline.
• Transition couplers are equipped with transition points between pipes of different diameters.

For easy installation of pipes, their ends need to be heated in hot water. This will soften the plastic and allow it to be mounted freely in a single network.

Main stage of installation of internal sewerage system

First it is required to install vertical risers in the required quantity.usually they are laid from the basement to the roof. The upper part plays the role of a fan vent pipe. The location for installing such risers is selected as close as possible to the toilet bowls. This is due to the fact that they should be located not more than 1 m from the risers. If all the toilet bowls are located in the same vertical projection, and the house itself is a small area, then it will suffice to put only one riser. It is permissible that the furthest device be up to 5 m from it.

All submarine pipes are connected to the riser. Initially, connect the pipes from the toilet. They must be lower than the rest. Then connect all other lateral branches. It is permissible to mount several different plumbing fixtures for one run. However, the thickness of the supply pipe must be taken in accordance with their overall capacity. Connection of all sanitary devices by means of siphons is the most final stage of installation of the internal sewerage system.

Installation of external sewerage

Consider the option of an external septic device of three tanks:

• For the production of a full septic tank, three metal or plastic containers are required, each with a capacity of 1.5 m3 each. This will be enough to ensure the processing of sewage from home ownership, which is permanently inhabited by 4 people. These tanks can be bought, but you can do it yourself if you have the skills of a welder.
• Ready-made waste water tanks must be buried in the ground. For this purpose, it is necessary to excavate a foundation pit not less than 2.5 m deep and 4 to 5 m long and place containers there. All of them must be connected together by pipes in the upper part. The last container should not be leakproof. It's good if she has a grid instead of a bottom. There must also be openings in the walls. This is necessary in order that the water from the last tank freely go into the soil for final post-cleaning. For this to happen qualitatively, a drainage layer of crushed stone and gravel should be arranged under the tank.

Such a septic tank will function as follows. If only the first barrel is filled with water, it will start pouring into the second barrel. At the same time, the solid fractions of the effluents will settle to the bottom. A similar process will begin in the second container. In it, you can also add a substrate with bacteria, which will actively begin to process impurities. As a result, a clean enough liquid is poured into the third container, which leaves in the ground, in which its complete purification takes place.

There are other options for external sewerage. In particular, you can buy ready-made septic tanks or biological treatment stations. Sometimes, with a small amount of waste, it is advisable to simply dig in the storage tank. Pull it out from time to time.

In conclusion, I want to say that it is not enough to build a proper sewer system, it also needs to be operated competently. If the septic tank is designed to receive drains from 4 people, then no way in the house can not live 10 people for a long time and use all the plumbing fixtures. This will inevitably lead to an emergency sooner or later.