Work related to the replacement of electricians is an inevitable part of any large-scale repair or construction. To conduct them independently without knowledge and experience is a big risk, since in the event of an error, the risk of damage to electrical equipment or fire is extremely high. Electricity distribution should be entrusted to a professional with a level of tolerance no lower than the 4th, whose experience is confirmed by the license. To get acquainted with the planning and the course of works on the laying will not be superfluous, so that it would be easier to understand the masters and control the process.
Stage 1: Schemes and plans of
First of all, you need to draw up a detailed outline of the layout of outlets, switches, lamps, flap and wires in the apartment. It is not necessary to neglect the planning stage, because it is almost impossible to perform high-quality wiring without a plan. At the design stage it is already necessary to know exactly where the large-sized and powerful household appliances will be located( boilers, flowing water heaters, floor heating, washing machine, oven and stove), how many places will be installed, what lighting will beto experience inconveniences. The easiest way to do a scheme of electricians on the finished plan of the apartment, where all the proportions are already observed and the capital walls are marked.
There are two types of wiring in the apartment - one by one and by consumers of electricity. With room wiring, the line is put into the room and all electrical appliances in it are fed from it. This option is cheaper and easier to perform than wiring for consumers, when certain groups of equipment are connected to one line: sockets, switches, large household appliances. The wiring for consumers allows more efficient distribution of the load and prevents overloading of the line. For example, it can be used to disconnect all the outlets in the room, and the oven, connected on a separate line, will not cause voltage fluctuations for other devices during operation.
Group consumers usually by combining several similar devices, for example, sockets. For large household appliances( oven, refrigerator, washing machine) separate lines with a cable with a cross-section of copper cores of at least 4 mm square. Each of the groups connects to its automatic machine with a corresponding nominal value, for example for a lighting group it rarely needs more than 10 amperes. The number of groups and machines in the switchboard depends on the area of the apartment and the number of household and lighting appliances, sockets.
The project should take into account details such as the exact location of switches and sockets, including the height of their installation, lighting devices, the location of the distribution boxes, the shield as detailed as possible. The ways of passing the cables, the places of their connection and the type of wire, its power are also marked. Paving the way for the cable, you need to try to bypass the capital walls and supporting structures. It is better to make a copy of such a plan, it will come in handy if you need to drill further the wall without the risk of getting into the cable.
Stage 2: Cable laying
In the next stage, according to the plan, the markings are applied to the walls, marking the places of installation of junction boxes, sockets and switches, and then electric cables are pulled. In an apartment, the wiring can be arranged in a traditional way - in walls or in boxes laid along them. A newer method consists of laying wires through the floor in boxes filled with screed. With this arrangement, the risk of damage to the wiring is reduced by drilling a hole in the wall, but, on the other hand, it will be more difficult to change it in the future. Partly the wires can pass over the suspended ceiling, in this case they also need to be collected in a corrugated pipe, which is fixed to the ceilings. All work on the connection of intra-apartment networks to general houses should be carried out by experienced specialists.
If the location in the walls is selected, you must prepare the channels for the wiring. Stroblenie - the most dirty and noisy part of the work, besides, not cheap. If you want to save yourself or to participate in the wiring of the electricians in the apartment, you can take it on yourself, armed with a puncher, a jackhammer or a Bulgarian with a disc on the stone, as described here.
For cutting out the holes for the boxes you need a nozzle with a special crown, it is made a cylindrical hole of such depth that the box is completely buried in it. To the box is brought the stroba, in itself the hole for the wire is made, and then it is fixed on the gypsum in the hole. Lay the channels strictly in accordance with the plan, making sure that they do not deviate from the straight line and are absolutely horizontal or vertical. Also hollows out under boxes for sockets and connections of wires.
The hollowed channels are cleaned of dust and primed, so that later the mortar and plaster harden better. In them, the wires are fastened to the brackets, which, after making all the connections and connecting them to the outlets and switches, are covered with a solution.
As a lead-in cable to the apartment use a copper wire section 4-6 mm square, but not less than 2.5 mm square. The indoor switchboard is located near the entrance. For wiring through the rooms use a cable with a copper conductor cross-section 2.5 - 4 mm square, it is important not to underestimate the cross section of the wire, as over time permanent overheating will lead to fusion of insulation, equipment failure and fire. From the junction box to the sockets lead wire cross section of 1.5 mm square, and for lighting - 1-1.5 mm square.
If you plan a full wall plasterboard or gypsum plasterboard, the wires can be hidden in the corrugation and put under the finish. All connections must be made in junction boxes, in the same boxes should be installed sockets and switches.
Step 3: Installation of sockets, switches and other equipment
After the final connection of the wires and the filling of channels with a solution, it is possible to plaster the walls and proceed with the installation of sockets and switches. Sockets are optimally mounted in blocks, from 2 to 5 pieces, using universal boxes. Before that, you need to remember to turn off the corresponding machine.
Important point
Three-phase wiring is gradually becoming the standard, since any modern household appliances require grounding, and it is unacceptable to throw a wire on batteries or water pipes.
