Repair of the roof of houses. Types of roof construction The roof rafters are essentially similar to the elements of the ceiling beam, but installed obliquely on the supports of different heights, rather than horizontally. Supports for them at a single-pitched roof are two external walls, at the gable roof - the outer and inner walls. It is necessary to note one more important feature: the rafter legs of the opposite roof slopes may rest on the ridge run alternately, that is, it is not necessary to fasten them in the same plane. The rest of the layered rafters ends up on the walls of the building, and the middle part on the intermediate supports. Arrange the layered rafters when the distance between the supports is not more than 6.5 m. The additional support makes it possible to increase the width, overlapping with rafters up to 12 m, and the two supports - up to 15 m.
The support of the hanging rafters has only ends on the walls of the building.
They transmit only vertical pressure on the Mauerlatt, unlike the layered ones. Hanging rafters are used when the roof span is 7-12 m and there are no additional supports. Hanging rafters in most cases are arranged in buildings with light walls, as well as in buildings where there are no internal bearing walls.
The basic elements of the suspended rafters are represented by rafter legs and tightenings of the lower belt.
Choosing a roof design
If a roof structure with suspended rafters is selected, then all the elements must be rigidly connected, since they represent a single structure, namely a trussed truss resting on two extreme supports. Due to the lack of an average support, the rafter legs rest against each other in the ridge, resulting in a significant horizontal pressure, called a spacer. In the event that the roof is not built correctly, the walls may even tip over. The task of extinguishing the horizontal pressure lies with the tightening - the lower belt of the truss.
The choice of design and classification of the roof is subject to specific conditions. So, for example, layered rafters have a simple device and do not require the use of mounting hoists. Farms with suspended rafters can be assembled on the ground, but in this case it becomes problematic to climb them to the structure being built. However, using a boardwalk, auxiliary slanting, paneling, you can mount the farm directly on the house.
In wooden cobbled, as well as chopped buildings, the support of rafter legs falls on the upper crowns, in the frame structures - on the upper harness.
In houses made of stone, as a support for rafter legs, the Mauerlat is used in the form of bars having a thickness of 140-160 mm.
You can place the Mauerlatt throughout the entire length of the building or place it under the rafter's leg.
If the rafter legs are of small width in cross section, then in time they can sag. To avoid this, you should use a special, consisting of a rack, struts and crossbar, grating.
For boards and struts, boards having a width of 150 mm and a thickness of 25 mm are suitable, as well as wooden plates obtained from a log with a diameter of at least 130 mm.
To fasten the rafter leg, use a tightening. The rafter end during tightening may damage its integrity. To prevent slipping, it is recommended to cut the rafter leg into tightening with a spike, a tooth, or both.
In addition, it is recommended to install the rafters at a distance of about 300-400 mm from the edge. When cutting the foot into the end of the tightening, the tooth should be moved as much as possible.
If a reinforced fixing of the rafters is required, a double tooth should be used.
In most cases, teeth that have different sizes are used: the height of one tooth is 0.2 times the thickness of the puff, and the height of the other is 0.3.It is necessary to pre-make an emphasis and a tenon on the tightening and eye on the rafters( for the first tooth).For a second tooth, one stop is enough.
In order to additionally secure the rafters in tightening, use clamps and bolts. The latter are less common, since they lead to a weakening of the cross-section of the rafter legs and puffs.
The final stages of installation are the construction of the roof skate skate, the covering of the cornices( extending 40-50 cm beyond the level of the wall of the free part of the rafters), the erection of the pediment walls, and the fastening of the boarding made of boards or bars.
To the components of the ridge knot mauerlat and run using large nails fasten the yokes from the steel strip or from the wire having a diameter of 5-6 mm, perform twisting.
To perform in a complex ridge knot connection with the stand, it is necessary to continue to nest in the rack and cut the thorn in the strut. To strengthen the strength of the joint, it should be further bolted and clamped.
To connect the rafter's legs to the deadbolt, apply the cutting in the frying pan in the middle. The strength of the connection is attached by fixing it with a bolt, clamp or nagel.
The main purpose of the roof is to protect the building walls from the negative effects of snow and rain, and therefore the length of the eaves should be at least 550 mm.
The ends of the rafter legs are attached to the wall in the manner described below. Screed-tourniquet is put on the rafters-tightening unit, and the second end is tightened either on the beam of the attic floor, or on the hammered into the stone or brickwork at a distance of about 30 cm from the top edge of the wall of the crutch. Otherwise, the screed-tourniquet is called twisting and is a piece of thick wire, preferably galvanized. In wooden chopped houses, instead of twisting, it is more expedient to use a staple made of iron, designed to join the rafters with the second frame of the log.
One end of the reinforced concrete rafters of the foot rafters is attached to the external wall of the building, the other to the precast reinforced concrete run, which is supported by columns of bricks.
For the portal on the repair of the apartment on their own.
