How to conduct an electrician in a private house with your own hands

Electrical wiring in a wooden house should not only perform its functions, but also be safe, so the quality of its performance is subject to increased demands. You can make electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, but you should follow all the installation rules.

The work needs to be divided into several stages:

• Drawing up a project and calculating the total capacity of the equipment;
• Selection of cables, electrical equipment, mounting elements according to design load;
• Entry into the house and connection of an input circuit-breaker, an electricity meter, installation of a switchboard;
• Cabling, wiring them to points;
• Mounting of sockets, switches, lighting equipment;
• Earthing and RCD;
• Testing and testing.

House power supply project

In order to properly design the wiring, it is necessary to establish the total power of the electrical equipment. Sequence of design work:

1. Draw a house plan and indicate the location of all lighting fixtures, sockets, equipment with individual connection.
2. In the drawing it is necessary to indicate the maximum power of the devices taking into account the starting currents of the motors.
3. Lighting equipment is connected to separate groups of power supplies, the number of these groups depends on the size of the house and the power of the lighting devices. Usually for a small house all the lamps can be connected to one group.
4. It is also necessary to provide coverage of the yard area, and if the house is used as a dacha for temporary residence, it is better to connect the yard lighting to a separate circuit breaker - thus, it will be possible to de-energize the house for the time of departure without disconnecting the external lighting.
5. Powerful household appliances are connected to a separate power supply group, via a separate circuit breaker. Such devices include water heaters and electric boilers, as well as electric ovens, cookers, convectors - all equipment with a large power consumption. For such electrical appliances, a separate cable must be laid.

For each group, it is necessary to calculate the maximum power consumption by adding up all electrical appliances that can be connected to the network at the same time. It is also necessary to calculate the total power of the entire load to select an input circuit breaker.

Selection of cables and equipment

When designing power supply for cable selection, complex calculations are made, but it is enough to use the table to make electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands. For each power group, choose a cable cross-section corresponding to the power consumption.

For wiring, you usually choose a copper cable of the grade ВВГнг-LS or NYM.The first is characterized by a lower price, and the second - an additional layer of insulation and greater reliability, as well as convenience when cutting. The aluminum cable can also be used, but at the same time its cross section increases, in addition, the conductors of the aluminum cable are more brittle when kinked, therefore, it is less reliable.

To connect the sockets, a three-core cable with a grounding wire is necessary - some household appliances require mandatory protective earthing. For lighting on the PUE it is also necessary to use grounding, but in practice this rule is often neglected. However, if you plan to install powerful lights, for example, a spotlight to illuminate the yard, it is strongly recommended that all wiring be done according to the rules.

The wiring in the wooden house can be carried out both external - in a cable channel, and hidden in the event that the interior finish implies the wall covering. Internal wiring must be performed in pipes or metal hammers, for fire protection purposes and to protect against accidental damage when drilling holes, for example.

The choice of sockets and switches is made according to several parameters:

• According to the current to which they are calculated;
• By installation type: for hidden or for external wiring;
• The socket blocks are selected by the number of places, and the switches by the number of keys. Sometimes it is convenient to connect several switches to one unit, for example, switches located near the bathroom and toilet.

Input of power supply and input automaton

The selection of the input cable is made at the maximum power of all electrical equipment at home. It is necessary to pay special attention to this during the reconstruction of electrical wiring. After changing all the cables and increasing the rating of the circuit breakers, you must not forget about the lead-in cable. Its cross-section may not be sufficient, and with a heavy load, a fire will occur. The input cable is changed, as a rule, with the involvement of the power supply organization at the same time as the meter is installed and sealed.

An input circuit breaker must reserve group machines and disconnect the house from the power supply in the event of a short circuit, but do not operate at the maximum possible load. If the house is powered by a three-phase network, install a three-pole circuit breaker. For single-phase network - single-pole or bipolar, where the phase and zero start.

Selection of the type and type of circuit breaker for a single-phase network:

1. It is necessary to calculate the total power of all electrical appliances and calculate the maximum current according to the formula IN = P / U · cosφ.The obtained value of INOM is the rated rated current of the network, it is multiplied by a factor of 1.1 and the rated current of the circuit-breaker release is obtained. As a rule, automatic switches with a rating of no more than 25 A are installed in the house.
2. To select the type of machine, it is necessary to know the minimum short-circuit current. For a single-phase 220V network, the short-circuit current can be calculated using the simplified formula IKZ = 3260 · S / L, where S is the wire cross-section in mm2, L is the cable length, m. The calculation is for the longest group with the minimum cross-section of the cable.
3. Next it is necessary to determine the multiplicity of the short-circuit current to the rated current, i.e. calculate IKZ / INOM.The value obtained determines the characteristic of the switch. In private houses, automatic circuit breakers with the characteristic C.

are most often used. The automatic input switch is usually installed after the meter. It is possible to install up to the counter, but in this case it is necessary to seal it.

Circuit breakers of power supply groups, electricity meter, as well as the input automat and RCD are installed in the switchboard. The body of the metal shield must be grounded. The equipment is mounted on a DIN rail, after which it is installed by wire in accordance with the scheme.

Cable routing, installation of outlets and switches

Before laying the cable it is necessary to determine the route, install junction boxes and mark out the places of installation of outlets, switches and lighting devices. The cable of the selected section is laid in accordance with the laying plan in one of the ways indicated below.

Cable laying in metal hose or pipe is carried out if full interior walling is planned, otherwise the wiring will look unaesthetic. It is not possible to use a plastic corrugated pipe for concealed wiring, since there is a possibility of accidental damage to it, which can lead to a fire inside the floors, which can not be quickly eliminated.

Cable laying technology in pipe:

Prepare the cable route by performing the strobes. At the junction of the cables, open junction boxes are installed so that they can be easily accessible even after the walls are clad.

The penetrations through the walls are carried out using metal sleeves with plugs. Under the sockets and switches install special metal sleeves.

The use of metal sleeves with plugs will prevent ignition due to the closure of the

. The pipes for the cable route are selected with the condition that their internal diameter is filled by no more than 40%.For cable laying it is better to use copper pipes: they are not expensive, but they are easy to bend, cut and cut sections. Sections must be cleaned and sanded off their edges, so as not to damage the cable sheath with burrs and sharp edges. Pipes are fixed to the walls by means of clamps, to metal sleeves they are fixed by flaring the copper pipe inside the sleeve.

Sample of fixing the wiring to the ceiling

The cable is pulled through the pipes and the insulation of its cores to the pipe body is checked immediately - this will reveal possible damage to the insulation from the edge of the pipes even during the cable laying.

Separate the cable, while in the junction boxes leave a margin of length of at least 20 cm - this will allow you to do the re-installation if necessary. The cores of the cable in the junction boxes are connected to twisted and insulated with PPE caps.

Insulation of wiring with PPE

caps. Separate the cables and connect them to switches, sockets and group automatic switches. At the same time, the colors of the wires are observed.

The outer cable gland is made in a cable channel made of self-extinguishing plastic. Cable-channel is of various sizes, and is a box, which is closed with a latch with a latch. The color of the cable channel can be either white or imitating a wooden texture, so it looks quite aesthetically on log walls.

Cable laying technology in the cable channel:

1. Mark the route of the cable laying and select the size of the cable duct corresponding to the number of cables and their cross-section. Remove the cover from the cable duct and fix the box to the wooden surface with self-tapping screws in 50 cm increments.
2. Install the junction boxes at the junction of the cables.
3. Sockets and switches with this method of cable routing are used only for external wiring. Remove the covers, the base of the outlet or switch is fixed to the wall with screws.
4. Place the cables in the cable duct, cover the box with a lid. The cable stock can be laid in the cable duct, if space permits.
5. Connect the cable ends in the junction boxes according to the diagram. Separate the cable and connect it to outlets, switches, automatons.
   

   Cable channel is a great way to hide electrical wiring

Earthing and RCDs

Earthing is necessary for most household appliances if their housing is made of metal. In a private house, you can ground yourself.

For earthing, you will need three metal pins or a 3-meter-long corner, as well as trimming a corner about a meter in length, which you need to connect the pins. The technology of earthing is as follows: dig a trench in the form of an equilateral triangle with a side of 1 meter and a depth of at least 30 cm, at the corners of the trench, three-meter pins or corners are driven into the ground, and they are connected by short sections with the help of welding. In one corner, an opening is made and a grounding conductor is attached with a bolt and nut, which is led out to the switchboard and connected to the grounding bar. To the same bus, connect all the earthing conductors of the cables - they have a yellow-green insulation.

A residual current device - a protective shutdown device - is necessary to protect a person from electric shock in the event of a current leakage to the metal housing of household appliances or damage to insulation. The RCD responds to the current mismatch, revealing even the smallest leakage. The RCD has two parameters for which it is selected: rated current and leakage current.

The rated current of the RCD is selected one order of magnitude higher than the current of the circuit breaker in this circuit. Leakage current - depending on the type of room and the equipment to be connected. For example, for a bathroom, an RCD with a leakage current of 10 mA is required, and for the rest of the rooms, this parameter value is sufficient for 30 mA.The circuit of the RCD is shown in the figure.

Testing of the electrical wiring

After installation, it is necessary to call the specialists of the electrical laboratory to perform all the necessary measurements: insulation resistance, grounding conductor resistance and phase-zero loops;After the tests you will be issued a protocol that will confirm the correctness of the electrical work before the power supply organization - the protocol may be needed when sealing the electricity meter.

It is recommended to glue the wiring diagram with all the corrections and remarks to the inner surface of the switchboard wall - this will provide clarity in case of faults in the wiring. In the diagram it is necessary to indicate which circuit breaker feeds each group and what is connected to it.

Wiring in a wooden house, made with all recommendations, is completely safe and will last a long time.