We raise the ground floor with our own hands

1. The site intended for construction, mark and dig a foundation pit throughout the building area. The depth of the excavation is determined by the project, it should be deeper than the underground part of the foundation by 0.5-0.6 meters. This is necessary for the implementation of a sand and gravel cushion, the purpose of which is to remove groundwater and prevent soil punching. When excavating soil, the excavator should be avoided unevenly, so the last half a meter of soil is usually removed manually. Subsoiling of unduly buried areas is prohibited, it can lead to deformation of the floor plate.
   

   Preparing a foundation pit for the entire building area

2. With a close groundwater level, the pit can be filled with water. In this case, it is necessary to arrange drainage at a distance of several meters from the excavation and exclude the presence of quicksand in the ground. In the presence of quicksand, the requirements for the drainage device are increased - it must have a mandatory drain and do not allow water stagnation. The backing is performed successively from a bed of gravel or gravel with a fraction value of 50 mm and a layer of sand. The thickness of the layers is from 10 cm. Each layer must be compacted, and sand is also spilled several times with water for maximum compaction.
3. Over the leveled cushions pour the base of lightweight concrete M50-M100.The thickness of the concrete layer is 5 cm, its purpose - the implementation of the waterproofing layer and the alignment of the base under the floor plate. The cured concrete is laid with a layer of roll waterproofing. As the material can serve as a litter ruberoid or its modern analogs for horizontal works. Lay waterproofing material in at least two layers, gluing them to bitumen mastic or by floating method.
   

   We lay a layer of roll waterproofing

4. After the preparation of the base for pouring the slab, external formwork is erected. First pour a slab of floor, which will also serve as a support for the walls of the basement. Formwork is made of non-removable shields or boards, connecting them with a bar and screws. An obligatory condition for the performance of a qualitative and solid foundation is its reinforcement. The reinforcement for the base plate must be fluted in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Diameter of reinforcing bar - from 10 cm, more accurately it is determined by calculation. The reinforcement is laid on special guides and knit by means of a wire. In the locations of the walls, vertical reinforcement bars are installed to ensure a rigid connection with the plate.
   

   The process of reinforcing the basement of the basement

5. After preparing the formwork and reinforcement, the foundation slab is poured with concrete of grade M250-M300, the thickness of the slab is usually at least 20 cm. Pour the concrete as soon as possible. It is possible to pour in separate batches, but the strength of the slab decreases, and there may be seams with an increased stress on the tear. The joints of the concrete should be located along the long wall at the same time. After pouring, the concrete is pierced with a deep vibrator and a screed, leveling its surface and leaving it to ripen for a minimum of 28 days. To accelerate the speed of construction, a few days after pouring, you can begin the construction of the formwork for the walls of the basement and the socle.
   

   Concreting process of the basement

6. The formwork of the basement walls is similarly constructed. When making the formwork it is possible to use non-removable boards made of polypropylene, they will simultaneously serve as a heater for the walls of the socle, which is important when building residential premises in it. The reinforcement is performed in the longitudinal direction of the walls, connecting the bars of the reinforcement with the vertical bars already installed. In a 2.5-3-meter-high foundation, there should be at least two belts in the lower and upper parts of the harness. When building on hard-hewn soils with the possibility of horizontal soil displacement, reinforcement can be reinforced with additional belts.
   

   We construct the formwork for the walls of the basement floor

7. When formwork is to be installed, it is necessary to lay windows and doorways in the projected locations, as well as metal tube liners for communication.
8. Pour the concrete with as soon as possible, or in layers. The filling of each subsequent layer must be carried out either before the beginning of the setting of the previous batch, or after soaking for at least 3 days, this will help to avoid the destruction of concrete that does not gain sufficient strength under the weight of the following batches of solution. The design hardness kit lasts for 28 days,to proceed with the further construction and laying of floors.
   

   The process of pouring concrete

9. The waterproofing of the basement from the outside is done by a coating method or by a coating method. From the inside it is more convenient to apply penetrating waterproofing, which does not violate the steam exchange and increases the strength of concrete. Warming of the plinth from the outside is usually carried out using polystyrene foam plates fixed to a special glue. In the above-ground part, the plates are additionally fastened with foam dowels.
   

   Waterproofing of the basement of the

10. The backfilling of the underground part can be done with the soil selected in the digging process, however, if the soil has solid inclusions that can damage the hydro- and heat-insulating layer, it is recommended to use large sand for backfilling.
11. Finishing of the basement floor can repeat the finishing of the main walls of the building or be made using other materials. The ground floor can be beautifully beat, giving the house a unique decor and charm.

The ground floor is a floor of a building partially or completely buried below ground level. In the socle is usually equipped with utility rooms or a garage, but some projects provide for the installation in the basement of a sauna, sauna or even a gym with a swimming pool. For houses built on small plots or on a slope, the ground floor is simply indispensable - it allows to significantly increase the useful area of ​​the building without expanding the building area.

The basement is completed after the erection of the foundation or at the same time as it is. The main requirements for the size of the socle are its width, which provides sufficient strength for erecting the walls of the house on top of it, as well as the height of the interior space. According to the norms, the ceiling height of the basement floor must be at least 2.5 meters. The deepening of the cap is limited by the level of groundwater: with a high occurrence of perchage and in wet areas, the underground part of it is usually not large. On sites with deep-lying groundwater the basement is buried almost completely, this reduces the cost of its heating.

Basement unit

The basement is a continuation of the foundation, therefore it can be made of the same material as the foundation itself, or with the use of wall material. Usually for the erection of the basement floor, use monolithic concrete, prefabricated blocks or brick. The thickness of the socle walls is determined by the calculation.

The role of the floor on the ground floor is played by a concrete slab, it is carried out by pouring or placing finished reinforced concrete slabs. The overlappings of the basement floor can be either concrete, of slabs or wooden ones. With a significant above-ground height of the basement, doors and windows can be made in it, while it should be located on the south, east or west side. The location of the windows on the north wall of the socle can lead to excessive accumulation of snow and punching of the window frames.

Wall plinths require mandatory waterproofing. The recessed part of the socle is recommended to be treated with waterproofing materials both from the outside and from the inside to increase the reliability. The above-ground part is allowed to be waterproofed only from the outside.

Technology of the monolithic basement

The basement of monolithic concrete has a number of advantages: high strength, good protection against moisture, high speed of erection. In the socle, made by monolithic technology, you can place any room, from the garage to the pool. The ratio of the underground and aboveground part of the basement floor can be any. With high-quality waterproofing, such a base can be installed even on wet soils, while the basement floor slab must have a rigid grip with the walls of the basement.

Construction technology:

Technology of making a socle of blocks or bricks.

When making a socle of these materials, its underground part, which plays the role of a foundation, can be made using the technology of pouring a strip foundation or also of blocks. In this case, the floor of the basement floor usually does not have a rigid connection with the walls and is poured separately, after the foundation has been erected. Since its hydro-isolation properties are somewhat lower, such a basement is usually erected in areas with a depth of groundwater exceeding one and a half meters.

The foundation is poured to the level of the soil using the usual technology, wait for the set of design hardness of the concrete, and then spread the aboveground part of the plinth of the blocks or brick. Masonry lead to cement mortar with dressing, with every two or four layers additionally reinforce the reinforcing mesh. The technology of waterproofing and thermal insulation of the cap does not differ from the above.

The base of the blocks can also be made using pile technology: concrete piles are driven into the bottom of the excavation, which will serve as a support for the slabs, and the space between them is laid with concrete blocks. Such a foundation has an increased resistance to loads, but requires the use of a large number of heavy equipment, so it is rarely used in private construction.