Concrete slab: durable building material for different purposes

Since the development of the first concrete products have passed 100 years, but until now this building material has not lost relevance, and with the product are modified every year. Key benefits of the concrete slab, - long service life under various conditions without loss of quality, as well as the ability to resist corrosion and decay. Therefore, panels are used not only for construction but also for roads, and utilities installation.

Production, composition and scope of the concrete slabs and other types of products

Building panels manufactured at specialized facilities or plants, which produce concrete products. Assortment of goods more often represented not only different types of overlap, but also other products, including:

• piles;

• blocks and pillows for the foundation;
• staircases;
• Pavement;
• Wall panels.

The properties and characteristics of the concrete products depending on the type of structure, the quality of concrete mix used and other materials, and most importantly - the production technology of compliance. The main technical parameters of the product depend on the properties of the two principal components:

• concrete;
• reinforcing steel parts.

It is interesting! The concrete itself is a fairly fragile, its main advantage - Not being corrosion. Steel is a material which is susceptible to degradation caused by moisture. However, in combination, these two elements form an ideal tandem, because the steel enhances the strength of concrete, and concrete, in turn, protects the steel from rust and corrosion.

Depending on the product type selected stamp used steel reinforcement and concrete, and also determines the number of reinforcing layers, the wire diameter and mesh pitch. The more reinforcement applied, the higher the strength characteristics of the final product is different. To gain slabs or other products used by certain types of valves, the designation of which is contained in the labeling of each product:

• Bp-II - high strength wire;
• A-IV, A-V, A-VI - hot rod;
• Am-IV, Ar-VI, Ar-V - rod, wherein increased strength;
• K-7 - reinforcing rope having the best strength characteristics.

For production features include the following:

1. Base concrete slab has a larger cross section compared to conventional floor slabs.
2. Laying reinforcing profile multidirectional load improves product properties, especially bending load.
3. To prevent cracking of the reference points on the perimeter of the slabs laid reinforced support belt.
4. For easy transport and laying on the surface of the plates mounted hoisting loop.

Durability finished products depends on the grade of concrete consumed. Typically used concrete mix an M-200 or M-300, having a strength class not less than B 22.5. In the case of special types of concrete, additional markings: cellular concrete - I, heat-resistant - F, porous - AP On the private and industrial construction sites, the following types of boards:

• overlap;
• foundation;
• internal or external wall panels;
• cover plate.

It is these kinds of concrete form the basis of the building frame. In addition, the plates are made of concrete pavement and road. In a separate group can be identified concrete products used to build fences and other barriers.

Pros and cons of using concrete slabs slabs and other concrete products

None of the construction can not be imagined without the use of concrete products, because first of all they are an affordable price and wide distribution. Another significant advantage can be considered the fact that some types of plates may be manufactured alone or as a basis for concrete - water and cement, and waste can be used as reinforcement black metal. It should be borne in mind that it will be difficult to determine the load capacity of self-made elements. For the production of better hire a professional who will monitor the manufacturing process.

Other advantages of the concrete slabs are:

1. Easy availability of the goods. Factories for the production of RC slabs are located in almost every city.
2. Standard sizes. The dimensions of the plates, as well as other parameters, precisely regulated by EU standards, which allows us to calculate the exact number of items that will be needed during construction. In this plate is a great variety of dimensions.
3. Higher speed. Laying slabs makes it possible to considerably reduce the time spent on the job.
4. Long service life. As the intermediate floors are sometimes used wooden beams, but the house of the concrete slab is not only stronger, but also more durable.
5. Improved consumer properties. Due to the peculiarities of production, which are constantly being improved, the use of concrete slabs helps to improve sound and heat insulation of the finished building or engineering communications. plates also provide additional fire safety, because concrete - non-combustible material.
6. Smooth surface. Floor slabs are distinguished smooth surface, which is at the stage of interior decoration is easier to handle, which makes the product attractive to the housing.

It is interesting! Additional advantages of concrete products are considered to be high rates of resistance to vibrations, it can be used them in the construction of industrial facilities, as well as makes it possible to erect buildings in a zone of high seismic activity.

Despite the large number of advantages and disadvantages of these can be identified in the application of concrete products:

1. A lot of weight. Due to the significant weight plates during construction is required to use an additional lifting equipment, which is especially difficult in the construction of high-rise buildings.
2. Delivery costs. As for slabs, they are often distinguished by a large volume, which does not allow for a time to bring the required number of panels for the construction of a private house of reinforced concrete panels.
3. The need for precise calculations. Before you begin construction, you need to properly define the future burden on the ceiling and on the basis of it, to acquire certain types of panels.

concrete slab: Variety of products, their distinctive features

Different kinds of concrete slabs differ from each other design features, form, function, manner of operation, as well as surface texture. The final cost of the concrete slab affected by the following parameters:

• Brand used concrete. This may be a light, heavy or silicate material;
• particular internal structure. The board can be characterized by the presence of the through channels (hollow-core structure) or to be monolithic, i.e. the solid or corpulent;

• product parameters. In accordance with the GOST items are standard length indicators, thickness and width. However, monolithic structures can not only be a standard, but also according to the individual parameters;
• installation method depending on the depth of supporting slabs on the walls. Cantilever panel requires two support points and are used for the construction of remote structures - balconies or canopies. Beam ceilings established when there are two, three or four poles;
• sectional profile. Concrete articles may be regular geometric shapes, e.g., rectangular or square, and having a bevelled or ribs;
• method and production technology. Seamless one-piece allocated variants or prefabricated structures that are made vibration, injection process or by a continuous molding;
• reinforcement type. Concrete products can be normal or relaxed pre-stressed;
• type of binder. The basis of manufacturing panels can lie cement, gypsum or silicate-concrete mixture.

What is a monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs

Monolithic slabs are mainly used to create partitions and interfloor organization of heating. Manufacturing technology is regulated by normative act of GOST 12767-94. Due to the absence of joints and seams monolithic structures characterized by increased strength characteristics and are used for both residential and industrial construction.

Depending on the method of manufacturing the solid plates are contoured, requiring the presence of supports around the contour of the plate, as well as three- and two-sided. The main difference between the monolith from another type of concrete products - the greatest weight, which on average reaches 300 kg per square meter ceiling. For this reason, is often continuous cast slabs at the construction site in demountable loops that you can even rent. This helps save time and money on transportation, loading and unloading of panels.

Monolithic plates, again due to the features of manufacture, and are characterized by good water-frost properties that plays a significant role in the operation of the finished building. Customers are also showing increased requirements to the appearance of products, because the surface must be perfectly flat and have no sagging and protruding ends of the steel reinforcement.

Important!The main disadvantage of monolith - long pour. In accordance with the norms of a monolithic slab is considered to be completely hardened only after 28 days after casting, and the house of reinforced concrete slabs will be a long time subject to shrinkage.

As for the solid slab dimensions, in this case, there are both standard sizes and other options. The thickness of the monolith selected on the basis of the maximum longitudinal distance between the supports. Thus, when girderless monolith type construction height determined by the ratio 1:30 but in any case it is not recommended to use a plate whose thickness is less than 15 cm. The calculations of slabs these figures are considered to be the most important influence on the load capacity of products. If desired draw span over 6 meters, regardless of the plate thickness, holding an additional reinforcement is required.

How much is a concrete slab? The cost of products affected by the chosen scheme of reinforcement and height of the plate arrangement. The average fill price varies from 1500 to 9000 rubles per cubic meter.

Hollow-core slabs: Standard, size and features of the use of structures

Hollow-core floor slabs series for many years is very popular due to the fact that the panels distinguished by higher strength characteristics, but they have less weight in contrast to monolithic type floors.

Related article:

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In the manufacture of hollow slabs of concrete type (PKZH) is used mainly heavy concrete, and the parts are inside each through-channels or voids concreted the ends. In this and in the other case there are air chambers within the plate, through which hollow-core panel, the following advantages:

1. Less consumption of concrete in the production, which affects the lower price of reinforced concrete slabs.
2. Simplification of laying communications. Nether let you organize not only the network of electricity and water supply, but other communication.
3. Less pressure on the foundation. The presence of voids significantly reduces the weight of products, and accordingly, the entire structure, and therefore the reduced pressure on the structure base.
4. Short construction time and no shrinkage. Plates are supplied ready for installation, which allows continuously carry out construction without waiting time.

Important! If an end exits through channels open hole should be sealed independently from the cement mixture, and any material for insulation.

The disadvantages PKZH plates can only carry a smaller strength (as compared to the monolith) and the presence of joints. In general, the use of hollow-core slabs has a positive effect on sound and heat insulation of buildings. According to EU standards boards differ following characteristics:

1. Thickness. In most cases, the height of the plates up to 22 cm, but there is a type of lightweight hollow articles, the thickness of which is 16 cm, and also meets high strength products having a height of 30 cm.
2. Width. The most common are considered plate width of 1, 1.2, 1.5, very rare product size 1.8.
3. Length. Figure depends on the manufacturing process, for example, concrete products, produced using the formwork, have a length of 2380 mm to 8980 mm. Length formless embodiments can reach 12 meters in the case of individual order, the slab can be cut into elements of any length up to 10 cm.
4. Nominal channel spacing slab. The average distance between the centers of voids - 185 mm between the edges of the channel must remain not less than 26 mm.
5. The diameter of the inner hole. Index ranges from 114 to 203 mm.

Characteristics finned or T-shaped floor slabs, coverings and wallboard panels

If you look at the drawing of floor slabs of this type, immediately catches the eye a special form of products. It is because of the unusual configuration of the ribbed plate used more for industrial and non-residential construction. The presence of stiffeners provide the finished buildings highly resistant to all sorts of influences, but because of the uneven surface of the ceiling it will look unaesthetic.

To smooth the surface, will have to spend a large amount of funds and materials. When plate layout can overlap edges stacked up to form a trough, but often occurs assembling traditional way - edges down. In accordance with the standards for products characterized by such dimensions:

• Height - 40 cm and 30 cm (for prestressed slabs);
• length - 5-5.5 m;
• width - 0,74-2,985 m.

The main advantages of using (in terms of construction) type of ribbed slabs - to carry out the construction of building at temperatures ranging from -40 to + 50 °, and the ability to stability when exposed to seismic activity equal to 9 points.

The final stage of the construction of any building is preparation of the attic and roof. For this special panel coatings are applied after the installation of which is erected and the roof with finishing materials such as bitumen or liquid tires performing the function of waterproofing and with different low value.

Mounted standard coating plate or ribbed manner. Stressful fittings used to improve the durability of the structure. This type of plates characterized by the ability to withstand the increased load of up to 1500 kg / m². The structure of plate fitting pieces are used, made of steel bars which are joined with the neighboring parts. there are such variations among the most popular sizes:

• width - 3.2 meters;
• length - 6-12 meters;
• thickness varies from 250 to 455 mm.

Concrete wall plates designed to accelerate the pace of construction of buildings, for example, a private house of the plates can be done in just 2-3 weeks. Among the main types are the following:

1. Single-layer. Produced from a homogeneous mix of concrete, characterized by low thermal conductivity. Their thickness does not exceed 4 cm.
2. Dual Layer. Ball inner layer is reinforced concrete and the outer - the cement-sand mortar.
3. Three layer. Performed by combining the first two types of plates, which uses a welded reinforcing cage. Between the layers is typically added layer of insulation.

It is interesting!Depending on the bearing capacity of wall plates are mounted, self-supporting and load-bearing.

In a separate group can be identified slabs for partitions, characterized by large dimensions corresponding to the height of floors. The length of such concrete structures usually reaches 6 meters. Panels used for manufacturing ordinary gypsum concrete or high strength, which is characterized by good water and anti-freeze. The thickness of the wallboard should be selected according to weather conditions in the region. Depending on the requirements made panel thickness of 20-50 cm.

Other variants of concrete products that are used for different purposes

When constructing roads used special road concrete plate, manufactured from high-strength concrete grade used B-25 or B-30. A distinctive feature of these products is considered to be of concrete tensile strength in bending. This characteristic provides the durability and high capacity road routes. Concrete road plates, which are applied in the manufacture of reinforced reinforcement, can be stacked to create airstrips, calculated on the increased load. Product Features:

• ambient temperature range at which the product is allowed to use without losing its properties, - from -55 to +40 ° C;
• abradability index - 0.7 g / cm²;
• frost resistance class - F250.

Depending on the configuration of road plates are rectangular and trapezoidal, or hexagonal. It is important to bear in mind that, before laying concrete slabs, should prepare the base properly. To this is removed and leveled topsoil and ground for laying a well compacted. Then poured cushion of wet sand, which Rollers, and only after that you can place the plate. The cavities between the plates are filled with concrete quality.

Concrete slabs for paths and pavements are made by vibratory casting method or the block-making. Once the product is attached to the desired shape and size, the tiles are steaming stage, until it is complete crystallization of the concrete mix. The color of the tile is attached by the addition of natural impurities, so they do not burn and do not wear out over time. According to EU standards, concrete paving slabs should have a single-layer or double-layer structure. It bilayer variants differ by the presence of upper decorative color layer thickness of 2 cm. The main advantages of products are:

• high wear resistance to mechanical damage;
• long service life;
• attractive appearance;
• easy assembly and disassembly;
• the presence of only natural materials in the composition.

In addition to these products, the concrete used for the manufacture of other items such as:

1. Fences. Monolithic fence concrete slab is cast directly on site with the use of the formwork. This version of the fence has the most simple way of installation. Also, there are concrete fences Euro and dials, which are characterized by a variety of colors and shapes.
2. Slabs wells. This reinforced concrete slabs with prepared holes by the hatch markings having PP. The variety of sizes allows the use of concrete cover, designed for wells with different diameters.

The first concrete slab was made over a century ago, and since then the product is constantly being upgraded. This not only improves their appearance, but also increases the load capacity of the product. Manufacturers are competing to create the most an easy plate with preservation of its dimensions and properties. In general, concrete panels are considered an excellent building material, allowing to quickly create a secure and sustainable construction. The main thing - to choose the right size and type of plate.