Characteristics of LED: consumption current, voltage, power and light output

The times when the LEDs are only used as a switching devices are long gone indicators. Modern LED devices can be fully interchanged incandescent lamps in domestic, industrial and street Lights. This is facilitated by the different characteristics of LEDs, knowing that you can choose the right LED-analog. The use of LEDs because of their basic parameters opens an abundance of opportunities in the field of lighting.

What are LEDs

LED (denoted SD, LED, LED in English.) Is a device which is based on artificial semiconductor crystal. By passing electric current through it is created the phenomenon of photon emission, leading to luminescence. This illumination has a very narrow range of the spectrum, and its color is dependent on the semiconductor material.

LEDs with red and yellow luminescence produced from inorganic semiconductor materials based on gallium arsenide, green and blue are made on the basis of indium-gallium-nitride. To increase the brightness of the light flux used various additives or layering method is used when a layer of pure aluminum nitride is placed between the semiconductors. As a result, crystallite formation in a few electron-hole (p-n) transitions, brightness increases its luminescence.

There are two types of LEDs: for displaying and lighting. The first is used to display the different instruments included in the network, as well as sources of decorative lighting. They are colored diodes placed in a translucent casing, each has four terminals. Devices that emit infrared light are used in devices for the remote control devices (remote).

In the field of lighting using LEDs that emit white light. Distinguished by the color of the LEDs with cool white, neutral white and warm white light. There is a classification used to illuminate the LEDs according to the method of installation. Marking SMD LED indicates that the unit is composed of aluminum or copper substrate on which is placed a crystal diode. The substrate itself is located in the housing, contacts of which are connected with contacts of the LED.

Another type is indicated by LEDs OCB. This device is placed on a single board plurality of crystals coated with a phosphor. large brightness achieved by such a construction. This technology is used in the manufacture of LED bulbs with a large luminous flux in a relatively small area. In turn, this makes the production of LED lamps the most accessible and inexpensive.

Note! Comparing lamp SMD and COB LEDs can be noted that the first amenable to repair by replacing the failed LED. When not working on the COB LED lamp, will have to change the whole board with diodes.

Features LEDs

Choosing the right lighting for LED lamp, should take into account the parameters of the LEDs. These include voltage, power, operating current efficiency (luminous efficiency) glow temperature (color), the irradiation angle, the dimensions, the degradation time. Knowing the basic parameters can be easily select the devices for the various outcomes of illumination.

The magnitude of the LED current consumption

Typically, for conventional LEDs provides power current value 0.02 A. However, there are LEDs designed for 0,08A. These LEDs include more powerful devices, in which four crystal device used. They are disposed in a single housing. Since each crystals consumes 0.02 A, in the amount of one unit will consume 0,08A.

Stable operation of LED devices depends on the current value. Even a slight increase in current reduces the radiation intensity (aging) of the crystal and increase color temperature. This is the end result leads to the fact that LEDs are beginning to be cast in blue and fail prematurely. And if the current rate is increased significantly, the LED burns out immediately.

To limit the current consumption, in the construction of LED-lamps and lamps provided current regulators for LEDs (drivers). They convert a current bringing it to the desired value to the LEDs. In case you want to connect a single LED to the network, you should use current limiting resistors. resistor for calculation LEDs operate in view of its specific characteristics.

Useful advice! To choose the right resistor, you can use a calculator for calculating the resistor for LED placement on the Internet.

voltage LEDs

How do you know the voltage LEDs? The fact that the voltage setting as such have no LEDs. Instead, a characteristic of the voltage drop across the LED, which means a voltage value at the output of the LED during the passage therethrough of the rated current. The voltage specified on the package reflects both times the voltage drop. Knowing this value, we can determine the voltage remaining on the crystal. This value is taken into account in the calculations.

Given the use of different semiconductors for LEDs, the voltage at each of them may be different. How do I know how much the Volt LED? Can be defined by the color of luminescence devices. For example, for the blue, green and white crystals voltage is about 3V, for yellow and red - from 1.8 to 2.4 V.

When using a parallel connection of LEDs is identical to the nominal voltage value to 2B may be encountered as follows: as a result the scatter parameter alone emitting diodes will fail (burn) while others will be very weak shine. This happens due to the fact that even when the voltage increases to 0.1 V, an increase of current passing through the LED, 1.5. Therefore, it is important to make sure that the current at a nominal LED.

Luminous efficiency, power and angle of illumination LEDs

Comparison of light flux diodes with other light sources is carried out, given the strength of the radiation emitted by them. of about 5 mm in diameter instruments provide from 1 to 5 lm light. While the light output of 100W incandescent lamp is 1000 lm. But the comparison should take into account that the normal lamp light scattered, while the LED - directed. Therefore it is necessary to take into account the angle of dispersion of light-emitting diodes.

Angle of dispersion different LEDs may be from 20 to 120 degrees. When illuminated LEDs provide brighter light by the center and the edges of the illumination reduce scattering angle. Thus, the LEDs better illuminate a specific area, using less power. However, if necessary to increase illumination area, the diffuser lenses used in the lamp design.

How to determine the power of the LEDs? To determine the LED lamp power required for incandescent lamp replacement, it is necessary to apply a factor of 8. So, replace conventional 100W lamp power can LED lighting capacity of at least 12,5Vt (100W / 8). For convenience, you can use these power correspondence table incandescent and LED-light sources:

Power incandescent lamps, W	The corresponding power LED lamp, W
100	12-12,5
75	10
60	7,5-8
40	5
25	3

When using LEDs for lighting is very important performance indicator, which is determined by the ratio of luminous flux (lm) to the power (W). Comparing these parameters with different sources of light, we see that the efficiency of incandescent lamps is 10-12 lm / W, fluorescent - 35-40 lm / W LED - 130-140 lm / W.

The color temperature of the LED-sources

One important parameter is the emission of LED source temperature. Units of this size - Kelvin (K). It should be noted that all the light sources of the emission temperature is divided into three classes, including warm white color temperature is less than 3300 K daylight white - from 3300 to 5300 K and cool white over 5300 K.

Note! Comfortable perception of the human eye directly LED light depends on the color LED-source temperature.

Color temperature is usually indicated on the labeling of LED lamps. It is denoted by four-digit number and the letter K. Selection of LED-lamp with a specific color temperature depends on the specific application for its illumination. Asking table below shows embodiments use the LED light sources with different emission temperature:

Light color LEDs	Color Temperature, K	Options for use in lighting
White	Warm	2700-3500	Lighting, domestic and office space as the most appropriate analogue of an incandescent lamp
Neutral (day)	3500-5300	Excellent color rendering of these lamps makes them suitable for light manufacturing jobs
Cold	More than 5300	Mainly used for street lighting, as well as used in the device flashlights
Red	1800	As a source of phyto and decorative illumination
Green	—	Illumination of surfaces in the interior, phyto-illumination
Yellow	3300	Lighting design of interiors
Blue	7500	Illumination of surfaces in the interior, phyto-illumination

The wave nature of color enables us to express the color temperature LEDs using wavelength. Labeling of LED devices reflect the color temperature is in a range of different wavelengths. The wavelength λ is designated as measured in nanometers (nm).

Sizes SMD LEDs and their characteristics

Given the size of SMD LEDs, devices are classified into groups with different characteristics. The most popular LEDs with sizes 3528, 5050, 5730, 2835, 3014 and 5630. Features SMD LEDs, depending on the size of discord. Thus, different types of SMD LEDs vary in brightness, color temperature, power. The marking of LEDs first two digits indicate the length and width of the device.

The main parameters of 2835 SMD LEDs

The main features of SMD LEDs 2835 include an increase in the radiation area. In comparison with the SMD device 3528 which has a circular work surface, the radiation area SMD 2835 has a rectangular shape, which contributes to greater lumen output at a lower height element (about 0.8 mm). Luminous flux of the device is 50 lm.

SMD LED housing 2835 is made of a heat-resistant polymer and can withstand temperatures up to 240 ° C. It should be noted that the radiation degradation of these elements is less than 5% over 3000 hours operation. Furthermore, the device has a sufficiently low thermal resistance transition crystal substrate (4 C / W). Operating current at the maximum value - 0,18A, crystal temperature - 130 ° C.

According to the color of the glow emit a warm white glow temperature of 4000 K, daylight white - 4800 K pure white - from 5000 to 5800 K and cool white with a color temperature of 6500-7500 K. It should be noted that the maximum value of the luminous flux at the instruments with cold white light, the minimum - in the warm white LEDs. The design of the device increased contact areas, which contributes to a better heat dissipation.

Useful advice! SMD LEDs 2835 may be used for any type of installation.

Features SMD LEDs 5050

The hull design SMD 5050 LED placed three similar. LED sources are blue, red and green colors have specifications similar to those of 3528 SMD crystals. The value of the operating current of each of the three LEDs is 0.02 A, therefore the total current value 0,06A entire device. In order that the LEDs are not out of order, it is recommended not to exceed this value.

LED SMD 5050 devices have a direct voltage of 3-3,3V and light output (AC current) 18-21 lm. Power one LED comprises three power values ​​of each crystal (0,7Vt) and is 0,21Vt. Light color emitted by the devices may be white in all shades of green, blue, yellow and multicolor.

The proximity of the LEDs of different colors in one package SMD 5050 has allowed to realize multi-color LEDs with a separate control of each color. For luminaires regulation using SMD LEDs 5050 using controllers, so that the emission color can change smoothly from one to another through a predetermined amount of time. Typically, these devices have several control modes and can adjust the brightness of the LEDs.

Typical characteristics of the SMD LEDs 5730

SMD LED 5730 - modern representatives of LED-devices, which case has geometric dimensions 5,7h3 mm. They belong to the high-brightness LEDs, whose characteristics are stable and qualitatively different from its predecessors parameters. Manufactured using new materials, these LEDs are characterized by high power and high efficiency luminous flux. In addition, they can operate in conditions of high humidity, resistant to temperature changes and vibration, have a long life.

There are two kinds of devices: SMD 5730-0,5 with power and 0.5W SMD 5730-1 with 1W. A distinctive feature of the device is the possibility of their operation on the pulsed current. Size SMD 5730-0,5 rated current is 0,15A, during pulse operation device can withstand amperage to 0,18A. This type of LED provides light output 45 lumens.

LEDs SMD 5730-1 working on a direct current 0,35A, with pulsed mode - up to 0.8A. Light extraction efficiency of such a device can be up to 110 lm. Due to heat-resistant polymers, the housing can withstand temperatures up to 250 ° C. Angle of dispersion of both types of SMD 5730 is 120 degrees. The degree of degradation of the luminous flux is less than 1%, with operation over 3000 hours.

Features Cree LEDs

Cree (USA) develops and produces high-brightness light-emitting diodes and the most powerful. One of Cree LED groups is represented by a series of Xlamp devices, which are divided into single-chip and multichip. One of the features is a single-source distribution of the radiation at the edges of the device. This innovation has allowed to produce lamps with a large emission angle from the minimum amount of crystals.

In a series of LED-sources XQ-E High Intensity angle of illumination is between 100 and 145 degrees. With its small geometric dimensions 1,6h1,6 mm, power high-brightness light-emitting diodes - 3 volts, and the luminous flux - 330 lm. This is one of the latest developments of the company Cree. All LEDs, the design of which was developed on the basis of a single crystal, have high-quality color reproduction within the CRE 70-90.

Related article:

Outdoor LED garlands: cold-resistant and moisture resistant decorations

How to make or repair the LED-garland yourself. Price and the main characteristics of the most popular models.

The company Cree has released several versions of multichip LED-devices with the latest types of power supply from 6 to 72 volts. Multichip LEDs are divided into three groups, which include devices with high voltage power up to 4W and 4W above. The sources to 6 4W collected crystals of type MX and ML housing. scattering angle of 120 degrees. Buy Cree LEDs of this type can be warm and cold white light color.

Useful advice! Despite the high reliability and quality of light, high-power LEDs to buy the MX and ML can be at a relatively low price.

The group consists of more than 4W LEDs of several crystals. Most overall in the group are power tools 25W, presented a series of MT-G. New Company - LEDs XHP models. One of the largest LED-devices has a housing 7x7 mm, its 12W power, light output 1710 lumens. LED high-voltage combine small size and high luminous efficiency.

LEDs Wiring Diagrams

There are certain rules to connect the LEDs. Taking into account that the current passing through the device moves only in one direction, for prolonged and stable LED-equipment operation it is important to consider not only a certain tension, but also optimal current value.

Wiring diagram LED to 220V

Depending on the power source used, there are two types of LEDs 220 to connect circuits. In one case, using driver with limited current, the second - a special Power SupplyStabilizing voltage. The first option allows for the use of a special source of a particular current intensity. Resistor in this circuit is not required, and the number of connected LED driver power limited.

To refer to the LEDs on the circuit uses two types of icons. Above each a schematic of the image are two small parallel arrows pointing up. They symbolize the bright glow of LED-unit. Before connecting the LED to 220V using a power supply unit, it is necessary to include in the scheme resistor. If this condition is not fulfilled, it will lead to the fact that the service life of the LED significantly reduced or it simply fails.

When connecting the power supply used, the voltage is stable only in the circuit. Given the negligible internal impedance LED-unit, its inclusion without current limiter device lead to combustion. That is why switching circuit administered LEDs corresponding resistor. It should be noted that the resistors are of different ratings, so they should be calculated correctly.

Useful advice!Negative torque switching circuits in the LED network 220 volts using a resistor becomes high power dissipation when it is required to connect the load with increased current consumption. In this case, the resistor is replaced quenching capacitor.

How to calculate resistor for LED

If resistance calculations for LED guided formula:

U = IhR,

where U - voltage, I - current intensity, R - Resistance (Ohm's law). Suppose you want to connect the LED with the following parameters: 3B - 0.02 A and a voltage - current intensity. To connect the LED to the 5 volt power supply it is not out of order, it is necessary to remove unnecessary 2B (2B = 5-3). To do this, you must include in the scheme a resistor with a certain resistance, which is calculated using Ohm's law:

R = U / I.

Thus, 2B ratio to 0.02 A is 100 ohms, i.e., it requires a resistor.

It often happens that, given the parameters of the light-emitting diodes, resistor has a non-standard value for the device. Such current limiters can not be found at the points of sale, for example, 128 or 112.8 ohms. Then you should use a resistor which has the next higher value compared to the calculated ones. The LEDs will not function at full capacity, but only to 90-97%, but this is invisible to the eye and have a positive impact on the device resource.

The Internet presents a lot of options Calculator for LEDs. They take into account the basic parameters: a voltage drop, rated current, output voltage, the number of devices in the chain. By setting the parameters in the form of LED-devices and power supplies, you can find the relevant characteristics of the resistors. To determine the resistance marked by the color of current limiters, there are also online payments resistors for LEDs.

Schemes of parallel and serial connections of LEDs

When assembling structures of several LED-LED devices are used in switching circuits 220 Volt network with a serial or parallel connection. Moreover, for the correct connection should be noted that when series connection of LEDs required voltage is the sum of the voltage drops of each device. While the sum of the current power of the LEDs connected in parallel.

If the LED-circuits are used devices with different parameters, for stable operation of the resistor must be calculated separately for each LED. It should be noted that two completely identical LEDs do not exist. Even devices one models have minor differences in the parameters. This leads to the fact that when you connect a large number of them in series or in parallel with a single resistor, they can quickly degrade and fail.

Note! When using only one LED-resistor devices with identical characteristics may be connected in parallel or in series.

The divergence in the parameters of the parallel connection of several LEDs, say 4-5 pcs., Will not affect the operation of devices. And if such a scheme to connect many LEDs - it will be a bad decision. Even if LED-sources have little variation of characteristics, it will lead to the fact that some devices will emit bright light and will burn quickly, and others - will be a faint light. Therefore, when the parallel connection should always use a separate resistor for each device.

With respect to the serial connection, there occurs economical consumption, since all the circuit consumes the amount of current consumption equal to a single LED. In the parallel circuit, the consumption amount is included in the disposal of all LED-circuit sources included in the circuit.

How to connect the LEDs to the 12 volt

The design of some devices resistors are provided at the stage of manufacture, which makes it possible to connect the LEDs to 12 volts or 5 volts. However, such devices are not always available for sale. Therefore, the LED wiring diagram to provide 12 volt current limiter. The first step is to find out the characteristics of connected LEDs.

Such a parameter as the forward voltage drop at typical LED-device is around 2V. Rated current for these LEDs corresponds to 0.02 A. If you want to connect a LED to 12V, the "extra" 10 V (12 minus 2) is necessary to extinguish the limiting resistor. Using Ohm's law we can calculate the resistance to it. We find that 10 / 0.02 = 500 (ohms). Thus, the required resistor rated at 510 ohms, which is the closest on a number of electronic components E24.

That such a scheme was stable, it requires more compute power limiter. Using the formula, proceeding from which power is equal to the product of voltage and current, its count value. value 10V voltage multiplied by current is 0.02 A and get 0,2Vt. Thus, the resistor is required, the standard nominal power of which is 0,25Vt.

If the scheme is necessary to include two LED-unit, it should be borne in mind that the voltage drops on them will be already 4B. Accordingly, for the resistor will repay is not 10V, and 8B. Hence, the further resistance calculation and power resistor is done on the basis of this value. Location resistor in the circuit can be provided in any location on the anode side, the cathode, between the LEDs.

How to check the LED multimeter

One way to check the operating status LED - testing multimeter. Thus the device can diagnose any performance LEDs. Before you check the LED tester, the instrument switch set to "continuity" mode, and the probes are applied to the terminals. With the closure of the red lead to the anode and black to cathode, the crystal should emit light. If you change the polarity on the instrument display should show the reading "1".

Useful advice! Before you check the LED on the performance, it is recommended to mute key light, as when testing current is very low and the LED will emit light so weak that in normal lighting conditions this can not notice.

Testing LED-devices can be produced without using probes. For this purpose, the holes located in the bottom corner of the device, the anode is inserted into the hole with the "E" symbol, and a cathode - with arrows "C". If the LED in working condition - it should be lighted. This test method is suitable for light-emitting diodes with long enough contact, free of solder. Position switch with this method of inspection does not matter.

How to check the LEDs multimeter, not vypaivaya? To do this, soldered to schupam tester pieces from the usual staples. As suitable insulation textolite gasket which is placed between the wires, after which the tape is processed. The output is a kind of adapter to connect probes. Staples are well sprung and securely fixed in the connectors. As such, the probes can be connected to the LEDs without vypaivaya them from the circuit.

What can be made of light-emitting diodes with their hands

Many radio amateurs practice assembly of various structures of the LEDs with their hands. Collected own products are not inferior in quality and sometimes surpass analogues of industrial production. It can be tsvetomuzykalnye device design flashing LEDs, LED running lights on their hands, and much more.

Assembling the current regulator for LEDs with their hands

LED resource to not developed ahead of schedule, it is necessary that the current flowing through it, had a stable value. It is known that LEDs of red, yellow and green colors can cope with the increased load current. While the blue-green and white LED-sources even with a small overload burned 2 hours. Thus, for the normal operation of the LED is necessary to solve the problem with his power.

If you collect a chain of series or parallel connected LEDs, that provide them with an identical radiation may be in the event that the current flowing through them will have the same effect. In addition, the reverse current pulses may have a negative impact on the resource LED-sources. To this did not happen, it is necessary to include in the circuit a current regulator for LEDs.

Qualitative characteristics of LED lamps used depends on the driver - a device that converts a voltage into a constant current with a specific value. Many radio amateurs gather circuit power LEDs from 220V own hands based on LM317 chip. Elements for such an electronic circuit are low cost and easy to construct such a stabilizer.

When using a current stabilizer for LM317 for LED current is adjusted within 1A. Rectifier based LM317L stabilize the current to 0.1A. The circuit device using only one resistor. It is calculated by a resistance line calculator for LED. To power the suit available improvised devices: power supply units from the printer, laptop or other consumer electronics. More sophisticated schemes to collect yourself is not profitable, since it is easier to buy ready-made.

DRL LED from their own hands

Application on vehicles of daytime running lights (DRL) significantly increases the visibility of the vehicle during daylight other road users. Many motorists are practicing self-assembly DRL with LED. One of the options - a device of the DRL 5-7 LEDs 1W and 3W for each block. If you use less powerful LED-sources, the light output will not meet the standards for such lamps.

Useful advice! In the manufacture of DRL their hands, consider the requirements of GOST: 400-800 Kd light flux, angle of illumination in the horizontal plane - 55 degrees in the vertical - 25 degrees, area - 40 cm².

For the base, you can use the card from an aluminum structure with pads for mounting LEDs. The LEDs are fixed to the board by a thermally conductive adhesive. In accordance with the type of LED-optics sources selected. In this case the fit of the lens with an angle of emission of 35 degrees. The lenses are mounted on each LED separately. Wires are displayed in any convenient way.

Further, the housing is made for DRL serving simultaneously radiator. You can use the U-shaped profile. Ready LED module is disposed within the profile, securing it with screws. All the space you can fill in a transparent sealant based on silicone, leaving only the surface of the lens. Such coating will serve as a moisture protection.

Connecting DRL Power is performed using the binding resistor whose resistance previously calculated and checked. Connection methods may be different, given car model. Wiring diagrams can be found on the Internet.

How to make the LED flashes

The most popular flashing LED, which can be bought off the shelf, are devices regulated by the level of potential. Flashing crystal takes place due to changes in the power of the device terminals. Thus, two color red-green LED-device emits light depending on the direction of current flowing through it. flashing effect in RGB-LED by connecting three separate outputs for control to the specific control system.

But you can make a flashing LED and a conventional one-color, with a minimum in the arsenal of electronic components. Before making a flashing LED, you need to select a working scheme, which will be simple and reliable. It is possible to use the scheme of the blinking of the LED which will be energized from a voltage source 12B.

The circuit composed of a power transistor Q1 (suitable silicon or high GTC 315 its analogs), resistor R1 820-1000 ohms, 16 volt capacitor C1 and a capacitance of 470 microfarads LED-source. When the capacitor circuit is charged up to 9-10V, after this transistor opens for a moment and sends the stored energy LED which starts to blink. This scheme can be realized only in case of a power source of 12V.

You can collect more sophisticated scheme, which works similar to the transistor multivibrator. The circuit includes transistors GTC 102 (2 pcs.), Resistors R1 and R4 of 300 ohms each to limit the current, Resistors R2 and R3 of 27,000 ohms to define transistor base current, 16 volt polar capacitors (2 PC. capacitance 10 microfarads) and two LED-source. This circuit is powered by a 5V DC voltage.

The circuit operates on a "Darlington": the capacitors C1 and C2 are alternately charged and discharged, which causes opening of a particular transistor. When one transistor energy to C1, one LED lights. Further smoothly charged C2 VT1 as the base current is reduced, which leads to the closure and opening VT1 VT2 and other LED lights.

Useful advice! If you use a power supply voltage of 5V, you need to use resistors with different face value, to avoid the failure of the LEDs.

Assembling the LED color music with his own hands

To implement sophisticated enough color music circuit with LEDs with their hands, you must first understand how the simplest scheme of color music. It consists of a single transistor, resistor and LED-unit. Such a circuit can be powered from a source rated from 6 to 12B. Operation of circuit occurs due to amplification cascade with a common emitter (emitter).

On VT1 base receives a signal with varying amplitude and frequency. In the case where the oscillation signal exceeds a predetermined threshold, the transistor opens and LED lights. The downside of this scheme is the dependence on the degree of blinking audio signal. Thus color music effect will manifest itself only at a certain volume. If the sound is increased. LED is always lit and a decrease - a little flash.

To achieve the full effect, color music using LED circuit breakdown audio band into three parts. Converter circuit with three-channel stereo is powered by voltage source 9B. A huge number of color music schemes can be found on the Internet in various forums hams. It can be color music circuit using a monochrome ribbon, RGB-LED strip, as well as soft circuits on and off the LEDs. Also in the network, you can find a scheme running lights with LEDs.

The design of the voltage indicator LED own hands

Driving voltage indicator comprises a resistor R1 (variable resistance 10 ohms), resistors R1, R2 (1K), two transistors KT315B VT1, VT2 KT361B, three LEDs - HL1, HL2 (red), HLZ (green). X1, X2 - 6-volt power supply. In this scheme, it is recommended to use with a voltage of 1.5V LED-devices.

The algorithm works improvised voltage indicator LED is as follows: when voltage is applied, LED-lit central source of green. When the voltage drops, the red LED is turned to the left. Increasing the voltage makes the red LED lights, located on the right. When the middle position of the resistor all transistors will be in a closed position, and the tension will go only to the central green LED.

Opening VT1 transistor occurs when the slider is moved up resistor, thereby increasing the voltage. In this case, the voltage on the HL3 delivery stops, and it is supplied to HL1. When the slider is moved down (decreasing voltage) of the transistor VT1 occurs closing and opening VT2, which will power the LED HL2. With a slight delay turns off LED HL1, HL3 once flicker lights and HL2.

Such a scheme can be collected using the outdated radio equipment. Some collect it on the textolite board, observing the scale of 1: 1 c dimensions of parts that all elements could accommodate on board.

Unlimited potential of LED-lighting makes it possible to independently design of the LED lighting devices with a variety of high performance and low enough cost.