Porcelain: Russian-made, German or Czech?

Neither House can not do without the table service for several persons. It can be made of different materials, but the most expensive and elegant porcelain is considered. It is associated with prestige and well-being of the hosts. It happens that the service is inherited from generation to generation, but some owners dream acquire new products to the Russian, Chinese production, as well as created on the Czech factories or Germany. Price sets range from inexpensive to luxury. The service from white porcelain - is not only a bright dining room table decoration, but also durable, practical and hypoallergenic dishes with a variety of surface decoration. Buy products of Russian manufacturers at different prices, including affordable, relevant GOST, can be in retail, so in and online stores.

Services from porcelain - a white, solid articles of clay, which have a lightness and transparency. A distinctive feature of this glassware is clean and long ringing coming from her when tapped. porcelain Production occurs by calcining in muffle furnaces at high temperatures. The composition of the material includes: clay, kaolin, quartz and feldspar. In accordance with the GOST standards production, china well able to carry both low and high temperatures, as well as its variations.

History of creation

The first mentions of porcelain ware belong to the fourth century. Products began producing in China and for a millennium only there to benefit therefrom. production technology held in the strictest confidence, and only in the XIV century, this luxury porcelain became known in Europe. While it was not exactly inexpensive, it was worth its weight in gold. Only the wealthy people can afford to buy the house for dining or tea set made of porcelain.

Many artists from Europe attempted to find out the secret of the unique qualities of the porcelain shard, but only in the XVIII century German scientist Böttger eventually succeeded. He found that the composition of the material present kaolin (white clay) and feldspar, which are burned in furnaces at high temperature. Thanks to this discovery, people from Russia, Germany, Czech Republic, France and other countries can enjoy the beauty and high quality porcelain products at different prices, including low cost.

species

Porcelain is divided into several types, depending on the composition and method of processing:

• soft porcelain;
• of solid;
• of bone.

As part of any present of porcelain clay, feldspar and kaolin. "Solid" variety is also called shpatevoy, in honor of the main constituent element. The greater the concentration of kaolin in the material, the harder will porcelain. Solid form shard has high strength, heat resistance without the negative effects of exposure to acids. The appearance of such ware is pure white, exquisite transparency and conchoidal fracture.

Soft porcelain has a composition of vitrifiable material (frit), it is characterized as fused glasslike substance with a clay fraction. This cookware is even greater transparency, a creamy shade, even fracture. It is considered weaker than the solid variety, and not as stable to high temperature exposure.

Bone china is composed, in addition to kaolin and feldspar, lime phosphate from the overheated bone. This variation in quality is between the hard and soft porcelain. It is stronger and harder than soft, but not so white as that of a rigid type.

The most elite and presentable considered it hard porcelain. This dish can be found in high-end restaurants and dinner parties of celebrities. Other types of porcelain are considered to be low-cost and affordable options, they are used in many houses of inhabitants of Russia and other countries.

surface decor

More beautiful and sophisticated today considered and porcelain crockery pure white without much decor. High quality materials do not need decorations to show their sophistication, elegance and impeccable quality. But despite this, many people still prefer to have at home service of painted porcelain. two types of decoration glassware can be identified: a colorful and relief.

1. Colorful. Painting on porcelain using special inks can be both underglaze and overglaze. Chinese products are famous for it underglaze painting. The technique involves applying to the surface crock pattern, after which the firing process occurs already with the glaze. Overglaze technique is painted with enamel paints, which have one drawback - limited palette of colors.

Colorful pattern on different types of porcelain looks different. For example, on a solid he stands little relief, as the ink can not be fired at high temperatures, which means that they are not connected with the glaze. Drawing on soft-paste porcelain, on the contrary, it is melted in the firing process, along with icing and how to merge with it.

1. Raised. This type of decoration is formed on the surface of the crockery by engraving, perforating or other techniques. Products can be cast in special forms with pre-made terrain, or the pattern may be formed separately (leaves, flowers, shapes, etc.), and, then, pasted.

Care Tips

To porcelain and crockery for a long time retained its attractive appearance, its operation requires careful handling, while behind it is to exercise some care. There are several useful recommendations:

• For chinaware better to abandon the dishwasher. Material longer retain an attractive appearance, if not in contact with other items, such as cutlery. In the process of washing is best to use a liquid detergent and a soft sponge. Should be discarded household chemicals with an abrasive structure, which may damage the topsheet utensils, and even to deform the pattern.
• You should not put china, especially with a metal decor, in a microwave oven.
• Too hot water is not suitable for washing. This can cause damage to the colorful decor. should not be left in the sink porcelain products for a long time. Immediately after washing the dishes must be dried by wiping with a soft towel or cloth.
• If the surface is darkened with time and lost former attraction, the white color is easy to return if the product wipe with a piece of cotton swab dipped in turpentine or tartaric acid. Traces of black tea or coffee can be removed by wiping the surface with vinegar or soda solution. Get rid of the other spots will help the solution of ammonia diluted with water.
• Porcelain plates and saucers will last longer if you store them stacked, paving swipe between them.

If the first place is safe and hypoallergenic porcelain tableware, in accordance with GOST standard, then before you buy a set, make sure that it has no color decor of pearl shades. Such paints may contain impurities consisting of lead or cadmium that are considered unsafe. This is especially important if you purchase children's crockery.

Crockery Porcelain various countries

Porcelain and glassware produced in many countries around the world and has a different price, including inexpensive. And each manufacturer gives their products unique features that distinguish it from other products. All items are of high quality material (in Russia, it meets the requirements of GOST), unique decor, elegant, subtle forms. Some plants have begun the work is relatively recent, and some have been around for decades and are becoming increasingly popular. Among the well-known manufacturers of porcelain countries are: China, Russia, Czech Republic and Germany.

Chinese

In fact, China is the birthplace of porcelain. Chinese masters have learned to make porcelain tableware for more than two thousand years ago. In manufacture, they used a special clay - kaolin in combination with other substances, which are obtained by firing a snow-white, translucent, strong and remarkably beautiful product.

This finding led the rapid development of production. Common people luxury dishes were unavailable due to high prices, but the emperor ordered the palace for its huge sets of tea and dining items.

Chinese masters have reached unprecedented heights in his painting porcelain. Almost all famous people felt obliged to buy a set of porcelain tableware, vases and other items to decorate their homes.

Chinese porcelain production technology was kept a closely guarded secret, but in the end, it failed to disclose to the young German scientist Friedrich Böttger, and even then, only at the beginning of the XVIII century.

Modern China's factories continue to produce porcelain dishes, using traditional techniques and new methods. Now have at home dinner set of Chinese manufacturing is no longer considered to be something outlandish and products become available and the middle class.

Czech

Probably everyone has heard about the high quality of Czech porcelain tableware. Products are of elegance, subtlety and lightness of the material. But, unlike the dishes of Chinese and Japanese manufacturing, there is porcelain from the Czech Republic cheap.

Like most of the plants for the production of porcelain, the Czech company originated near deposit of white clay - kaolin. This was the area of ​​Karlovy Vary, and at the end of the XVIII century on the first porcelain factory sets were released.

The first Czech factory belonged to the Germans, because the masters were available all the secrets by which created the German porcelain. Czech Republic is rich in deposits of the unique composition of clay, which allows for a strong and beautiful products, and in combination with the achievements of German masters, Czech porcelain managed to gain worldwide recognition.

At present, many plants of the Czech Republic continue to work on the production of porcelain tea and dinner services. They are faithful to the traditions, but not refuse to introduce into production new trends and fashion trends. Buy Czech porcelain under the force of each, there are both luxury and cheap at the price set of dishes. But, in any case, porcelain from the Czech Republic is known and popular in the whole world, and to have at home such products is considered a sign of refined taste and affluence.

Exclusive for the Czech Republic is the decor onion dishes, or "tsibulak". This painting is a plant motifs depicting the pomegranate. No less popular are pink porcelain. The name he received because of staining pink porcelain mass.

Russian

Porcelain from Russia has been known for more than two centuries. Products are of high quality in accordance with GOST, grace of forms and decor and are popular all over the world. The process of creation began in the middle of the XVIII century, since there are many plants and factories for the production of table and tea sets, as well as other products from china. Russian products that meet GOST standards, are no less popular than the German porcelain.

In XIX-XX centuries, every wealthy man felt obliged to have at home porcelain set produced at the Russian GOST plants. Now products have become available to many, almost every family can buy as the inexpensive price and a set of luxury. But, despite this, the material does not lose its properties and unique decorative qualities. But items corresponding to GOST, are popular not only in Russia but also worldwide.

Sign of wealth and well-being is considered porcelain tea ware, which is now present in almost every family, including in Russia. High quality, corresponding to GOST, and attractive appearance make the product a real gem of a dining table. To provide a set of porcelain long life while maintaining perfect external data, you should observe basic rules on its care and maintenance. If desired, you can buy the appropriate service and cost, while it will not be much different from the luxury products.