How to dig a well

Being the master of your own countryside plot and not having your own well is probably not the most successful option. Yes, of course, some holiday villages are equipped with a centralized water supply system, but it is better to be completely independent of the "whims" of the public utilities. The well will also become a source of clean drinking water, and will satisfy all household needs, and will provide watering of the infield area, , but only if the is properly equipped.

How to excavate a well on its territory? The easiest way is, of course, to invite a team of specialists, although it will be enough not cheap .Of course, if there is a desire to try your hand at this difficult task, you need to pick up diligent assistants, prepare tool , inventory and necessary materials and dare. However, it should be warned at once - digging wells refers to works of increased complexity and danger, and you need to soberly assess your real capabilities.

However, if such a job is completely reasonable on

it seems is not up to it, then to know its theoretical basics all is equally necessary, though would in order to imagine the sequence of operations and their laboriousness - willthe ability to more closely monitor the work of the hired brigade.

So, the whole process of building a well from scratch can be broken down into several basic stages:

• choosing the right place;
• earthwork and installation work;
• waterproofing shaft wells;
• installation of the bottom filter;
• arrangement of the upper part of the well;
• if is needed - then the decorative design is .

Where to dig a well?

They say that on a large account , in the middle zone of Russia a well can be opened at any place - sooner or later you will get on the aquiferth. However, why dig where the work will require maximum effort with minimal impact? There are proven ways to find the most favorable place for this source of water.

First of all, it is necessary to imagine what groundwater is:

• On the not large depth( up to 4 meters) from the surface of the soil can lie surface water layers - they are called perch. They do not have a stable character, are highly dependent on the season and the amount of precipitation, are strongly contaminated with organic matter or chemicals from the fields and are not considered as a source of water.
• The next layer is ground water, located at depths of about 10 meters and below. This horizon is already sufficiently stable, water in the has passed deeper filtration, and this layer is calculated when digging wells. The water here is in a non-pressure state, that is, the level should remain approximately at the same level, with the determined by seasonal fluctuations.
• More is deeper, at a depth of several tens of meters, there are interplastic or artesian water horizons. It is on them that the "sight" is made when drilling aquifer wells.

well. So, the purpose of the search is to find the place where the second aquifer of groundwater is most closely located to the soil surface. How to do it?

First of all, it is necessary to exclude places located near cesspools or silo pits, latrines, septic tanks, garbage dumps from the search area. Ideally, should have at least 50 meters to such sources of contamination .In addition, the well should not be closer than 5 meters from the capital buildings.

. The most accurate, of course, is the method of exploratory drilling, however is a rather complicated procedure that requires a lot of forces or material means. You can try to determine the location for the well in other ways that has been used extensively since .

Usually, the aquifer search is carried out early in the morning, with 5 to 6 hours , or in the evening and night - clock from 6 to 7, from 10 to 11 or from midnight to hour night.

• The first thing you should pay attention to is on lowlands, places with increased amount of morning dew, those areas where a dense fog gathers or rises with a column.
• For a long time was used for this purpose by experienced folk craftsmen with great accuracy indicating a place for digging a well, bypassing a site with a slingshot from long willow branches. It held vertically, and in the place where the water layer " looser" was as close as possible, I felt the attraction of the common barrel of the slingshot to the ground.

Can I try this method myself? It is doubtful, perhaps, in this matter there must be a corresponding skill and experience.

A similar method biolocation can be used and somewhat differently. From a metal wire( for example, welding electrodes) two identical L-shaped frames are made. Freely holding them in the fists of both hands for a short shoulder, slowly walk around the site. In the vicinity of the water, the frames should start the cranking and crisscrossing.

Video: Borehole location for a well using

frames Some people with a developed sense for biorocation are engaged in such a search even on an almost professional basis, showing the exact location of the site for the well.

• Many things can tell trees, bushes, grass. For example, willows, birch , alder, and grass - sedge and mother-and-stepmother will always prompt that the aquifer is shallow. Other trees( pine, for example), on the contrary, indicate that is not close to water. Types of plants can tell even the approximate depth of the aquifer:

• can tell You can also observe the other signs. For example, on a summer day, a flock of mosquitoes or midges curls usually above promising for the well sites. They feel the closeness of water and pets - dogs, for example, can dig out a small pit-den for daytime rest in these places.
• The most promising places can be checked still and method of desiccation .To do this, take a material that has an increased absorbency moisture - for example, silica gel, or crushed red brick. Such adsorbate nt tsch is dried in the oven and filled with a dry clay unglazed vessel. All this is wrapped in a non-woven material and weighed accurately to literally. Then the filled and wrapped vessel is buried at a test site to a depth of the order of half a meter per day.(the test is carried out only in clear weather, in dry ground).You can immediately check at several points. After a day, weigh the vessels and determine how much water was absorbed by the adsorbent. The best place for a well will be where the moisture is collected most.

The location is selected with taking into account the of all possible criteria and the results of several tests. As a rule, the set of data obtained should indicate the most suitable point for further work.

What is required for the operation of the

If you have decided on the place, you need to schedule the time for further work. There is an widespread opinion that the optimal time is winter - the groundwater is "at rest" at the lowest point of its occurrence. However, it is sometimes difficult to agree with this, since in the winter earthmoving work, yes still in conditions of high humidity and of constant receipt of water at the final stage is very difficult and quite dangerous. In addition, , in the warm clothes in a tight mine well will work very difficult. However, when digging deep wells( about 10 - 15 meters) in winter, they are easier to air, and in the summer with this may be a problem. But still for the wells of medium depth, the optimal time for digging is the end of summer and the beginning of autumn - before the rainy season.

Tools:

- shovels, bayonet and shovel in with shorter cuttings ;

- scrap and picker for penetration through dense soil layers;

- buckets for lifting selected soil and wheelbarrow for its drive aside;

- ropes for lifting buckets , slings for hanging and installing reinforced concrete rings;

is a tripod mounted above the shaft with fixed on it with lifting mechanism( well shaft, pulley, winch , hoists and .)

- plumb lines and construction level for thorough vertical penetration control;

- means protection and insurance - helmet, safety belt with line ;

- for drainage of incoming water a drain pump is required;

- materials and tools for waterproofing works.

Most modern wells are made of reinforced concrete rings. It is best to purchase such products that have a quarter lock for the of the centered and tight fit of the rings to each other. Standard ring size - 1000 mm - inside diameter, 1160 - outer, wall thickness - 80 mm, maximum height - 900 mm. Weigh such product( КС-10 - 9) 600 kg. If necessary, you can buy rings of the same diameter, but of lower height - 300, 500 or 600 mm. On the walls of such rings there are holes for the installation of slings with hanging and lowering them into the shaft.

Caution should immediately be taken against the purchase of substandard, illiquid rings that are damaged or already in use. Such savings here are not only inappropriate, but can be dangerous, too, since the practice of equipping wells knows many cases of rupture, skewing, tearing of rings with all possible consequences.

How many rings are required - a question for each specific place is individual. It is necessary to find out from neighbors - what depth they have, this indicator should not change much. At the same time, the very construction of the well is taken into account - the height of the aquifer itself, the trunk and the head.

Digging well and installing

• rings. The work begins with marking on the soil surface. For these purposes, as well as to control the compliance with the dimensions of future penetration, it is necessary to build a simple device - a cross from two racks, with a length equal to the required diameter of the shaft.

If the ring has an 1160 external diameter, then the shaft should be marked approximately 200 - 300mm wider, ie .Ø from 1350 to 1450 mm with the open method of constructing the well( more on this - just below).With the closed method, leave the minimum necessary clearance - so that the ring passes in the shchyhtu without distortion.

• Remove the top layer of soil with turf and begin to penetrate into the dense layers of soil.

is removed. All selected land must be from the work site at least 3 meters from the pit. You can its even immediately removed far away, for example, to the place where it is planned to build an "Alpine hill".When begins the clay layer, then the selected clay is best stored separately - it comes in handy later for waterproofing the well.

• . After the has been deepened to the height of the first ring, a tripod or other structure is mounted on which the lifting mechanisms are mounted, and further work can be planned in different ways:

1.You can set exactly the first ring and continue to dig under it - it will fall under its weight.

As the drawdown is applied to the first one, the next ring is installed and they are fastened together by the - braces and so on up to the aquifer. This method is called "closed", and is more relevant on problematic, quiescent soils, with quicksand, underground "rivers" and , .Thus, the excavator always works in a concrete ring, which descends with it as the soil is sampled.

This method is not considered optimal, as it has many drawbacks. So, a big boulder problem may be a large boulder, the got the under the ring wall - it will not be easy to pull it out, and sometimes it's even impossible. But on the other hand, to install the next ring does not require a complex lifting technique, since it is always held at the top.

2. The second method is called "open" and involves digging the shaft to the required depth, and then installing the rings. Disadvantages are the much larger volume of the of the selected soil, the difficulty in mounting and fastening the rings( work is carried out at a considerable depth), there is always the risk of shedding or even collapse of the mine walls, especially when the starts unstable aquifers or in the wall penetrates the quicksand -source of "vypodovodki."

3. Based on the of the laid, the optimal, probably, will be a mixed method. Initially, 's work is done by the in an open method, but before the first signs of instability of the walls or the appearance of signs of perch. Then immediately lowered reinforced concrete rings to the excavated depth, and further removal of the is carried out by the using a closed technology, with the deposition of the stacked well. Most often, this approach is applied in practice.

• Work is complicated by the achievement of an aquifer - according to the rules it is necessary to lay the trunk still at least one, and better - two rings. Often it is necessary to ensure a constant pumping out of incoming water. Before entering this layer, the joints of the lower rings should immediately be sealed with special cement-containing compounds.

• wells are being drilled with so that the upper ring protrudes above the ground by about 500 mm. In the future, this head may be framed or otherwise, above it is arranged collar mechanic zm for i lifting bucket.

Video: methods of digging wells from reinforced concrete rings

After completely tearing the well all the way down, it is necessary to pump out all the water and sludge from it to arrange a bottom filter.

Bottom filter of a well

Without this element, the water in the well will not have the purity that the owner probably expects. Beating at the bottom of the well, the keys can raise turbidity, sand, and in the case of quicksand( extremely saturated with water of the current sand) it's very fast will overgrow and become shallow.

The bottom filter selection depends on the bottom state - what kind of soil it forms:

• If bottom is a dense clay through which springs are poured, then, as a rule, the water will be clean and there is not even a need for a bottom filter. Moreover, its installation can even reduce the well's debit. Light turbidity, if it is, it will not be difficult to eliminate the usual household filtration system.
• If the bottom is formed by soft clay, it will be constantly blurred by the flow of incoming water. The water becomes unnecessarily cloudy, and its fence only from the top layer. To eliminate this drawback, a straight bottom filter will be needed.

For this, large stones or crushed stone are placed on the bottom, with a maximum size of up to 150 - 200 mm. Then, a layer of medium-sized gravel( fraction 20 - 30 mm), up to 150 mm thick, is poured. And on top of the final lay a layer of clean river shingle, also up to 150 mm thick. The total thickness of the filter obtained reaches half a meter.

• The sandy bottom, through which water seeps, conceals another danger. Any impact on it( for example, the bucket omitted) causes a rise in the sand mass, which rises with the water upward. In such a well it is impossible to install pumping equipment - sand will quickly disable it. However, everything is decided by the creation of a reverse bottom filter, which will prevent the raising of grains of sand from the bottom.

In this case, the washed river sand is first filled to the bottom. The second layer of is the river pebble or gravel up to 10 mm in size( you can use shungite).And the top layer will be a large gravel or pebble with a size of 50 mm. The thickness of each of layers - is not less than 150 mm.

• The bottom is a pronounced quicksand - the means the can not do without a special wooden shield. He is made up of an aspen or oak board and cut out exactly the size of the bottom of the well. A large number of holes with a diameter of 10 mm are drilled in the shield. Then it is wrapped in geotextiles and laid on the bottom.

So that it does not come up, press down with large stones. On top of at least 200 - 300 mm layer of small pebbles or gravel.

What safety measures are required when digging a well

The work to dig a well is very specific and dangerous, it requires special precautions.

• First of all, the territory should be enclosed and not allowed to the place of work outsiders, and in particular - children.
• You can not store the selected groove nt bl even than 3 meters from the mine, and the is still better - immediately take it to a safe distance. In the same radius, the mine should not have any foreign objects or unused tools in general .
• All load-lifting mechanisms - construction, tripods, mounted winches, collars, hoists and .must be checked daily before work commences. Also carefully monitored the condition of ropes and slings, rigging hooks. All load-lifting devices must necessarily have an reliable brake and a locking system.
• Buckets( buckets) for extracting soil must be tightly tied to ropes, and when working at a depth of more than 6 meters - have a safety end.
• Work at depth can be accompanied by the accumulation of gases in the mine, capable of causing suffocation of the excavator. Before its descent into the shaft, the quality of the air must be checked - there the burning candle falls. If it dries, the is compulsorily forced by , and then the test is repeated.
• In the case of lack of oxygen during the operation, it is necessary to create conditions for forced ventilation. For this purpose, you can use a compressor, fan or other air blower( sometimes - even a powerful vacuum cleaner), or install a metal furnace near the shaft, which you connect to a pipe lowered to the very bottom of the shaft.
• It is necessary to warn the excavator with a voice about the objects being lowered or lifted. The worker in the mine must be in a protective helmet, there must be a possibility of his emergency evacuation.
• When working by the method of ring deposition, the upper open margin of the shaft should not be more than 1 meter. With the signs of instability of the shaft walls, the work is immediately stopped until the cause is determined and the possibility of their elimination is determined.

Usually, work on quality digging of wells is performed by teams of experienced professionals who have their own specialized equipment. The beginner to cope with such a task is almost impossible - too many there are nuances familiar only to masters, and too many hides the work of dangers.

Video: Advice of a professional master for digging wells

At this event, the construction of a well in a suburban area is far from over. is still serious work on waterproofing, insulation, clay lock device, concrete blind area, water pipes, headroom equipment and other stages. About them in more detail will be told in other publications of our portal.