Mansard roof with their own hands

House with attic - is not only an additional living space, but also a respectable view of the whole building. Even if the premise under the roof is made unheated and used only in the summer, it all is equal to creates a powerful "air cushion", which helps to keep heat inside the capital of the entire building.

Attic roof with its own hands, in principle, can be built, but only with the help of an experienced, knowledgeable master, since this - is quite complex and massive construction.

The attic can be arranged under different types of roofs, but the most popular are gable or broken structures. According to the scheme of their structure, they are somewhat different.

To determine which of the designs is more suitable for the of a particular at home and will be easier to install, you need to consider in more detail both of these most commonly used options.

In addition, the master who will build the attic must figure out which of the two existing types of truss system designs to choose.

Types of roofing systems

Any roof belongs to one of the two types of roofing systems - is a hanging and stratified design. Each of them has its own peculiarity, and which of them choose - will depend on how the bearing walls of the structure are located.

Hanging construction

Hanging construction is called the rafters system, which rests only on the outermost capital walls. This happens when there are no more capital partitions in the building, except for the exterior walls of the house.

This design can only be used if the distance between the two main walls is not more than 8 meters, because this system gives the a heavy load on the foundation of the bearing walls.

To ease this load, various elements are used in the suspension system, such as pasterns and puffs, crossbars and struts.

For example, struts, as if tighten the joists of the ceiling to the rafter legs, and the head hangs the puff to the ridge connection.

In the suspended system, thick enough bars or hewn logs are used for the floor beams, which are installed on the edge. Their cross-section must be at least 100 × 200 mm. In order not to be mistaken in the parameters, since the floor in the attic room must be very reliable , it is recommended that calculate the calculations to the specialist.

Raising the attic roof with your own hands?

We recommend you to familiarize yourself with the material - about how to make rafters with your own hands, besides this you need to read how the rafters are calculated.

In addition, we recommend reading the article about how to calculate the angle of the roof.

In contrast to the suspended system, the is equipped with not only on two external bearing walls, but also on the capital partitions that are installed on the foundation. Therefore, , planning the construction of the attic, you need to think in advance the design of the foundation, if it is arranged its ribbon version, which will be built capital partitions. The is ideal for the installation of an attic underneath, since it can withstand significantly higher loads than the suspension variant. It gives the a robust framework for floor joists, and stands for - and for floor attic.

capital partitions. If you build a broken roof skylight, the combined roofing system, , ie , can be used. Ridge rafters are arranged in the form of a suspension system, and the lateral - on the is a nested type.

Types of roofs with attic room

When building a house of brick or blocks with an attic very often its front side is immediately erected from the same material. This is very convenient because it is not the that will have to calculate the parameters of these roof elements and collect them from the bars, and then lift them to the wall. However, it should be remembered that the walls of the building should stand on on the on the foundation and have proper thickness, since this pedestrian gives the a very heavy load on the main structure.

If the attic will act as still one-storey house year-round, then the brick-built or foam blocks the pedestrian wall - is the perfect variation of nt for and creation under the roof of the living space.

In order for attic rooms with a gable roof to have a normal height and spacious rooms, the angle of the roof slopes should be approximately 45 - 50 degrees, depending on the width of the end part of the building. If you take an angle less - the useful volume of the room will be significantly reduced. The increase in the steepness of the skates will lead the to an unjustifiably high roof, its weighting, greater windage with a strong wind load, over-consumption of materials.

The installation of the gable roof is certainly easier than the broken structure, since flat rafters are used from the wall cut and to the ridge, without any kinks or additional ties. However, the broken structure gives the the opportunity to make the premises in this part of the house more spacious, and the ceilings - higher.

The broken rafters system in calculations, both in execution and in the roofing flooring is much more complicated, but it not only creates a more spacious under the roof, but gives the structure solidity.

The complexity of the broken system consists in a large number of rather complex connecting nodes. All bundles must be performed according to the existing - rules only in this case the roof will be stable and the reliably .

If the walls are built of stone or brick, then, as in the first version of the attic, the front parts can be laid in advance, in the process of general masonry. In this case, to create a rafter system, it will remain, leveling on the finished pediments, to install intermediate rafters and retaining fasteners to them.

Video: roof rafter system

Before purchasing and preparing material for any of the presented systems, it is necessary to make a design of the design with the dimensions stated - it will become the main guideline document for the preparation and assembly of all elements during the installation of .

Fastening the rafters to the Mauerlat

In order for the article on the gable roof to be a multiple step-by-step instruction, step-by-step information on fixing the rafters to the Mauerlat, we carried out in a separate step-by-step technology - a reference to the material.

And about how to cover the roof with a profiled sheeting - read on our portal.

The design of the attic

When designing the attic, it is best to do it in different projections in order to see and understand the placement of all elements of the truss system. It is very important to correctly calculate the height of the roof ridge, since the size of the area under it will directly depend on the from .

. When designing the roof sketch, it is necessary to calculate the height of the skate, the ceiling and the total area of ​​the room.

The minimum height from the floor to the ridge should be 2.5 - 2, 7 m , if this distance is less, the room is not an attic, it can only be called an attic. This parameter is set by .

In order for all elements to be accurately drawn and have the desired location in the common system, one must repulse from a figure with straight angles, that is, a rectangle or square - the section of the mansard room being created. Relying on the sides( the height and width of the future room), it will be almost impossible to mistake with the the angles under which the is located roof slopes, with the location of the ridge, rafters and all retaining elements. Defining these parameters, they must immediately be entered into the drawing .

First you need to find the middle of the width of the front wall. Starting from this point, the parameters of the height of the ridge, the future ceiling of the attic, the location of the pillars-walls and the size of the eaves are determined.

Due to the fact that each of designs has defined number of connecting nodes that have different configurations, it will be good to each of of these links separately to understand their features of conjugation of all the elements joining in thispoint.

Any rafter system consists of the main elements and additional ones, which may not be in each structure. The main components of the attic roof are.

• Floor joists, which are the basis for the rest of the truss elements. They are laid on the capital walls of the building.
• A rafter leg, straight in a gable roof system or consisting of two divisions - in a broken circuit. In this case, the upper rafter is called the ridge, since it forms the highest point of the roof - the ridge , and the rafters that form the attic walls are called the side rails.
• Ridge board or beam - required element nt for i double-edged roof, but not always applicable for the construction of a broken roofing model.
• Mauerlat - a powerful beam, fastened to the capital side walls of the building. On this element the rafter legs are installed.
• Racks - are the support elements required to strengthen the two-edged and a broken structure. In the latter case, a ridge and side rafter is attached to it, and in the first - , the is a reliable support for a long rafter. In addition, the racks serve as a frame for warming and sheathing the attic walls.
• Diagonal bracing elements or bevels further fasten racks or longitudinal beams and rafters, making the structure more durable.
• Attic floor beams are used in all versions of the attic - they connect the racks, and they are also the framework for the ceiling device.
• Inter-row girders are installed in a broken roof for rigidity construction.

To be sure that the prepared project is developed by is true , you need to show it to a specialist. Only he can determine whether the parameters of the attic are properly chosen for the width and length of the walls of the building.

Video: professional calculation of the attic roof using special software

Material parameters for the construction of the attic roof

If the graphic design is ready, then, starting from affixed to it dimensions, you can calculate the number of materials necessary for erecting the roof skylight. To choose materials it is necessary on their characteristics which should meet requirements of fire-prevention and ecological safety. For wood, special treatment with with flame retardants must be provided, which will reduce the combustibility of the material. So, for the construction you will need:

• Planks for rafter legs. Their section - is selected according to the results of special calculations - this will be discussed in more detail below.
• A beam having a section of 100 × 150 or 150 × 200 mm - for floor beams, depending on the selected rafter system and the width between the bearing walls, as well as for runs, diagonal legs or hips - if provided for in the design.
• A bar with a cross-section from 100 × 150 mm or 150 × 150 mm for laying Mauerlat .
• For racks, a beam of 100 × 100 or 150 × 150 mm is usually used.
• Unedged flooring plank and some fastening elements.
• Steel wire annealed with diameter 3 - 4 mm - for fastening some parts together.
• Nails, bolts, staples of different sizes, corners of various configurations and other fastening elements.
• Metal fox t t not less than 1 mm thick - for cutting the lining.
• Lumber for crates and control grills for roofing material - depending on the type of roofing chosen.
• Insulation materials - for thermal insulation of the roof.
• Waterproofing and vapor barrier membranes.
• Roofing material and fastening elements for it.

What section are required rafters

Rafters - roof elements that will perceive the main external loads, so to their cross-section the requirements are quite special.

The size of the required sawn timber will depend on many parameters - from the step between the rafter legs, the length of these legs between the support points, from the snow and wind load falling on them.

Geometric parameters of the rafter system design can be easily determined in the drawing. But with the rest of the parameters - will have to refer to the reference and hold some calculations for .

Snow load

Snow load is not the same for different regions of our country. The figure below shows a map on which the entire territory of Russia is divided into zones by the intensity of the snow load.

There are eight such zones( the last, the eighth, is more extreme, and its can not be considered for the construction of the roof roof).

	Value in kPa	Value in kg / m²
I	0.8 kPa	80 kg / m²
II	1.2 kPa	120 kg / m²
III	1.8 kPa	180 kg / m²
IV	2.4 kPa	240 kg / m²
V	3.2 kPa	320 kg / m²
VI	4.0 kPa	400 kg / m²
VII	4.8 kPa	480 kg / m²

Now you can accurately determine the snow load that will depend on the angleroof slope. For this, the following formula exists:

S = Sg × μ

Sg - table value - see map and attached table

μ- correction factor, depending on the slope of the roof slope.

• If the angle of the ramp is less than 25 °, then μ = 1, 0
• With a steepness of 25 to 60 ° - μ = 0, 7
• If the roof is steeper than 60 °, then it is considered that snow does not stay on it, andsnow load in general in calculation is not is taken .

Characteristically, if the attic roof has a broken structure, then for different its plots the load can have different values.

The angle of the roof slope can always be determined either by the protractor according to the drawing, or by the simple height-to-base ratio of the triangle( usually half the width of the span ):

ratio of height ramp to the width of the projection( H / L)	Approximate angle of slope( α)
0.27	15 °
0.36	20 °
0.47	25 °
0.58	30 °
0.7	35 °
0.84	40°
1	45 °
1.2	50 °
1.4	55 °
1.73	60 °
2.14	65 °

Wind load

The wind load also depends mainly on the region of the building and on the characteristics of its surroundings and the height of the roof.

Again, for calculation , the initial data on the map and the attached table are first determined:

Zoning of the wind load in the territory of Russia	1a	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tabular value of wind pressure, kg / m²( W)	24	32	42	53	67	84	100	120

The calculation of for a particular building will be carried out using the formula:

Wp = W × k × c

W - table value, depending on region

k is a factor that takes into account the height of the building and its location( see table )

Height of the building( z)	Area A	Zone B	Zone In
no more than 5 m	0.75	0.5	0.4
from 5 to 10 m	1	0.65	0.4
from 10 to 20 m	1.25	0.85	0.55

The following letters are indicated in the table with letters:

• zone And - open terrain, steppes, forest-steppe, desert, tundra or forest-tundra, open to the winds of the seashore, large lakes and reservoirs .
• zone B - the territory of cities, wooded terrain, terrain with frequent obstacles for wind, relief or artificial, a height of at least 10 meters .
• zone In - dense urban development with an average building height above 25 meters .

with - coefficient, depending on the priority direction of the wind ( roses of the winds region) and the angle of inclination of the roof slopes.

With this ratio, the situation is somewhat more complicated, since the wind can have a double effect on the roof slopes. So, it has a direct, tipping effect directly on the roofing ramps. But at small angles, the aerodynamic effect of the wind takes special significance: it tries to lift the plane of the slope behind the account arising of the lifting forces.

300	600	900	300	600	900
total value of snow and wind loads	1.0 kPa	1.5 kPa
highest	40 × 89	3.22	2.92	2.55	2.81	2.55	2.23
40 × 140	5.06	4.60	4.02	4.42	4.02	3.54
50 ×184	6.65	6.05	5.28	5.81	5.28	4.61
50 × 235	8.50	7.72	6.74	7.42	6.74	5.89
50 × 286	10.34	9.40	8.21	9.03	8.21	7.17
1 or 2	40 × 89	3.11	2.83	2.47	2.72	2.47	2.16
40 × 140	4.90	4.45	3.89	4.28	3.89	3.40
50 × 184	6.44	5.85	5.11	5.62	5.11	4.41
50 × 235	8.22	7.47	6.50	7.18	6.52	5.39
50 × 286	10.00	9.06	7.40	8.74	7.66	6.25
3	40 × 89	3.06	2.78	2.31	2.67	2.39	1.95
40 × 140	4.67	4.04	3.30	3.95	3.42	2.79
50 × 184	5.68	4.92	4.02	4.80	4.16	3.40
50 × 235	6.95	6.02	4.91	5.87	5.08	4.15
50 × 286	8.06	6.98	6.70	6.81	5.90	4.82
total value of snow and wind loads	2.0 kPa	2.5 kPa
highest	40 × 89	4.02	3.65	3.19	3.73	3.39	2.96
40 × 140	5.28	4.80	4.19	4.90	4.45	3.89
50 × 184	6.74	6.13	5.35	6.26	5.69	4.97
50 × 235	8.21	7.46	6.52	7.62	6.92	5.90
50 × 286	2.47	2.24	1.96	2.29	2.08	1.82
1 or 2	40 × 89	3.89	3.53	3.08	3.61	3.28	2.86
40 × 140	5.11	4.64	3.89	4.74	4.31	3.52
50 × 184	6.52	5.82	4.75	6.06	5.27	4.30
50 × 235	7.80	6.76	5.52	7.06	6.11	4.99
50 × 286	2.43	2.11	1.72	2.21	1.91	1.56
3	40x89	3.48	3.01	2.46	3.15	2.73	2.23
40 × 140	4.23	3.67	2.99	3.83	3.32	2.71
50 × 184	5.18	4.48	3.66	4.68	4.06	3.31
50 × 235	6.01	5.20	4.25	5.43	4.71	3.84
50 × 286	6.52	5.82	4.75	6.06	5.27	4.30
	cross-section of rafters( mm)	Distance between adjacent rafters( mm)

The diagrams and accompanying tables indicate the roof areas subject to maximum wind loads and the corresponding coefficients for the for calculating the .

It is characteristic that at angles of slope up to 30 degrees ( and it is it is quite possible on the section of ridge rafters), the coefficients are indicated with plus sign and negative ones, ie directed upwards. They somewhat extinguish the front wind load( this is taken into account in the calculations of the ), and in order to level the impact of the lifting forces, it will be necessary to fix the roofing system and roofing material very carefully in this area using additional connections, for example, with annealed steel wire.

After the wind and snow loads are calculated, they can be summed up, and, with taking into account the design features of the system being created, determine the cross-section of the rafters.

Please note that the data are for the most commonly used coniferous material( pine, spruce, cedar or larch).The table shows the maximum length of the rafters between the support points, the cross-section of the board, depending on the grade of the material, and the distance between the rafters.

The value of the total load is specified in kPa ( Kilopascal ).To bring this value to the more usual kilograms per square meter - is easy. With a perfectly valid rounding, it is possible to accept : 1 kPa ≈ 100 kg / m² .

The dimensions of the board according to with its section are rounded to the standard dimensions of sawn timber in a larger direction.

Tools

Naturally, the during operation can not do without tools, the list of which includes:

• Electric drill, screwdriver .
• Construction level and plumb, measuring tape, gon.
• Ax, chisel, chisel, hammer
• Circular saw, electric jigsaw, hacksaw.
• Carpenter's knife.

Installation will be accelerated if the tools for work are of high quality, and the work will be done with competent mentors, with assistants, neatly and in stages.

Assembly steps

The work sequence - must be strictly observed, only under this condition the design will be reliable and strong.

Mounting of Mauerlat

Mounting of any rafter system begins with fastening of strong strong support at the end of the side walls, on which it will be convenient to install trussed legs. Mauerlat is made of quality bar with a cross section of at least 100 × 150 mm. It is compulsorily laid on the on the upper end of the wall( regardless of the material) the waterproofing from the roofing material.

For account Mauerlat load will be evenly distributed over the walls and transferred on the foundation nt st swarming.

Fasten the Mauerlatt to the wall with metal studs, which are pre-mounted in a concrete belt or crown running along the top edge of the wall, or with anchor bolts 12 mm in diameter. They must enter the into the depth of the wall no less than 150 - 170 mm. If the Mauerlatt are installed on a wooden wall, then the bars are attached to it using wooden nagels.

Assembly of the

• The installation of the roofing system begins with the installation of joists. They can be attached to the Mauerlat from above if the beams are planned to be carried out beyond the perimeter of the swath and for the account this will increase the area of ​​the attic. In this design, the rafter legs are fixed to the joists.

• Alternatively, they can be laid on the waterproof walls and secured with corners or staples to the inner edge of the Mauerlat. Such a variation of nt pr is named when the rafter's feet are to be fastened directly to the Mauerlat.

• Next, you need to find the middle of the joist beam, as this mark will become a reference point for determining the location of the pillars and the ridge.
• The racks shall be located at the same distance from of the marked middle of the joist beam. They will later determine the location of the walls of the attic room, that is, its width.
• Rack bars must have a section equal to the size of the joists. Constructed building to the beams with the help of special angles and wooden linings. However, to begin with, they are first nailed with nails, then carefully leveled using the construction level and the plummet , and only then fixed capitally, with the expectation of future loads.

• When the first pair of racks is installed, they are fastened together from above by a bar called a puff. This tightening is also connected with stands with using special metal corners.

• rafter system parts. After securing the tightening, a U-shaped structure is obtained. On it on the sides are installed layered rafters, which with their second end is attached to the joist beam or is placed on the Mauerlat.
• A special groove( groove) is cut to the installed supports for the beam or in the rafters. With its use of rafters are tightly mounted on the beam of the Mauerlate, and the is fastened with metal brackets.

• For the rigidity of the , struts can be additionally installed from the base of the stand to the middle of the installed side rafter. If this does not seem to be enough, and the material saving is not in the foreground, it is possible to strengthen the general design of the with additional racks and fights( they are indicated in the drawing in Fig. A with translucent lines).
• Next, the middle is calculated for the tightening - this place will be attached to the headstock, which supports the ridge connection of the upper suspension sub-system of the rafters.
• The next step is to install ridge rafters that can be fastened together with different - connections. This can be a metal cover or powerful bolts with metal plates or washers.

• After their installation, the skate is fastened to the ridge and the middle of the tightening.
• After completing work on one part of the rafter system, you need to make all the rest on the same principle. The distance between the neighboring rafters in a similar system should be no more than 900 - 950 mm, but the optimal, probably, will still be the interval of 600 mm - this will give both the necessary rigidity , and the stability of the structure, and it will be convenient for insulationwith the help of standard mineral wool mats. True, this makes the construction heavier and will require more materials.

• First the side parts of the system are installed in the assembly , and then the - intermediate. Between them, they are connected by runs that are installed between the upper ends of the posts and act like struts. Thus, the rigid construction of the rafters of the attic will be obtained, in which the skeleton for the walls will be ready.

Mooring roof waterproofing

When the roofing system is built, it is possible to move to the trim of its with thermal and related materials.

• The first coating that should be is fastened immediately px st rape, will become waterproof and windproof film . its is fastened to the rafters using staples and an stapler, starting from the cornice. Cloths are covered with overlapping for 150 - 200 mm, and then joints are glued together with waterproof tape.
• On top of the waterproofing, the control panel is stuffed onto the rafters, which is more reliable than the fixes the film on the surface and creates the necessary ventilation distance between the windproof and roofing material. The control panel is usually made of boards with a width of 100 - 150 mm and a thickness of 50 - 70 mm.

• Perpendicular to the control grid is fastened crate , on which then the roofing material will be laid. The step between the slats should be calculated depending on the type and size of the sheet roofing material, with given by for the overlap
• . If the soft roof is chosen, the control panel most often fixes plywood sheets.

Assembling the roofing

The crate or plywood is fixed to the crate. Its installation usually starts from the roof cornice and passes in orderly , from one of the edges of the - depending on the type of roofing. Roofing sheets are mounted overlapping .If a metal profile or metal tile is used for the coating, this material is fixed with special screws with elastic gaskets. Fastening elements are usually selected in color to the roofing material.

The most difficult part of the roof covering of the - is the transition from the layered side rafters to the suspended roof rafters. There can be certain difficulties and in the event that on the roof there are provided protrusions for the device of a roof over balconies or windows.

In addition, if the chimney pipe comes out on the roof, requires a separate hole design inside the roofing system and a thermal insulation layer, and on the roof - the device around the pipe with a reliable waterproofing.

The on portal can be found in detail on the portal, there is a whole section "roof and roof" , in which you can find answers to many questions, including recommendations on reliable thermal insulation atticpremises.

Video: a detailed video lesson on the construction of the roof roof

It should be noted that the work of on the construction of of any roof, and even more difficult as the attic, is not only responsible, but also dangerous enough, requires special, increased security measures. If there is no experience in carrying out such construction processes, it is better to entrust their execution to professionals or perform all the actions under the supervision of an experienced master, and with the utmost care and accuracy.