Typology of drainage systems
In addition to deterioration of adjacent landscapes, the presence of excessive ground moisture around the building can lead to the following consequences: underflooding of the basement, penetration of moisture into the basement, which in turn leads to a gradual destruction of the building structure. All of the above factors emphasize the high need for draining the terrain close to the building.
Depending on the mechanism of the outflow of excess moisture from the soil, drainage is divided into the following types:
- Formation drainage.
- Ring drainage.
- Wall-mounted drainage.
Each of the above types of this process has its own specific features. Next, a detailed analysis of each type of drainage process will be given.
This type of drainage is used in the most difficult areas, often as an auxiliary element for other types of drainage. Indicators for the use of reservoir drainage can be:
- Presence of pressure groundwater.
- When other types of drainage systems can not provide a sufficient level of drainage.
- In the case where the groundwater has a layered structure.
- When a water lens is detected under the building.
The formation drainage system is also used when there are rooms in the building that, for their normal functioning, require a maximum level of protection from excessive moisture. This can be basements and other underground structures.
It is also possible to use this type of drainage system for preventive purposes even in soils that, according to their parameters, are minimally exposed to groundwater.
Reservoir drainage is created using the following technology. In places where the soil needs to be drained, a layer is created whose thickness is about 300 mm. In some cases of moderate availability of groundwater, the layer consists of crushed stone. In more complex cases, a layer of sand is added to the layer of crushed stone in the proportions of 150 to 150 mm.
Ring drainage system
This type of drainage is used in the areas without explicit availability of groundwater. The purpose of using annular drainage is to remove thawed and sedimentary waters during seasonal floods or rains.
Installation technology of the ring drainage system:
- A moat is being dug around the building below the depth of the foundation and at least seventy centimeters thick.
- The bottom of the moat should be inclined at a rate of 1 cm per running meter.
- The lower part of the moat is covered with sand and tamped.
- Then, the bottom of the trench is laid with geotextile on top of the sand.
- A layer of gravel is superimposed on top.
- After the pipes are laid. The pipe must be below the base of the foundation.
- Rubble is poured over the pipe, and the fabric wraps a layer of gravel with a pipe inside.
- The rest of the trench is covered with sand and tamped.
It is worth paying special attention to the selection of pipes for ring drainage. The strength of their outer skin should be quite high, and the diameter should be at least 110 mm. Also do not forget that this type of drainage systems requires a large number of revision wells.
This drainage method is fairly easy to install and hardly affects the formation of the terrain. The annular drainage system can serve as an auxiliary element, strengthening the reservoir drainage.
Suspended drainage system
Used in the presence of clay or silty soils. The construction of such a drainage system is similar in technology to ring drainage. The same manipulations are carried out as in the ring system except for some aspects:
- The system is laid at a distance of 0.5-1 meter from the foundation of the house.
- Depth must match this foundation.
- All drainage pipes are connected and discharged to the drain manifold.
This type of drainage can serve as an additional element, strengthening the work of reservoir drainage.
Thus, the article described the types of drainage systems, their specific features and characteristics. Methods of mounting each of the types of drainage have also been described.
