Make a ladder to the second floor yourself

The staircase to the second floor is a necessary element of a two-story house, and it should not only be comfortable, strong and reliable, but also be in harmony with the interior of the house. The design of the stairs can differ both in shape and material, from which they are made. In private homes, most often, ladders are made of wood, while metal supports and structures can be used.

The ladder form can be straight or turn, or screw. The second occupy less space, while they are less convenient for constant walking. March staircases take away a considerable area of ​​the building, however, with a reasonable layout, the space under the staircase can be sealed with a partition and used as a storeroom or cloakroom.

Turning ladders are L-shaped or U-shaped, with staggered steps or intermediate platforms. They occupy less space in the room, but are somewhat more difficult to perform. Straight marching stairs have a simple and reliable design, and everyone can do it themselves.

Construction of a straight ladder

Any ladder has steps - they take the main load. Steps, in turn, rely on strings or strings. Kosouur is a beam that has a sawtooth shape, the steps rest on a horizontal slice, and risers are attached to the vertical cut of the "teeth".The staircase can be made with a single central skewer with the support of steps on the wall, or with support on two side strips.

Bowstring - thick beams, in which grooves for steps and risers are chosen. The bowstring is made from a thick board, and the groove is cut out according to the template. The bowstring is pulled together by means of strings made of wood or metal.

stair The risers perform a decorative function, allowing you to sew up the underbrush space tightly. The staircase can be made without risings, then its construction will be easier. For convenience and safety, the staircase must be equipped with handrails. The frame of the handrail is made of pillars - balusters, and handrails. In addition, the stairs can have platforms in the upper and lower parts, the support stage and other elements.

The most simple universal design for self-manufacturing is a ladder on two strings. Below is considered a step-by-step technology for its production.

Staircase of wood on the strips

1. Calculation of the number of steps and the design of the stairs. A direct flight staircase connects two floors, therefore it has a height of at least 2-2.5 meters. The angle of inclination of the staircase for convenient movement along it should not exceed 35-40 degrees. With such parameters, the length of the base of the ladder is not less than 4 meters, and the length of the span is more than 5 meters. The width of the steps is chosen from 20 to 30 cm, the height should range from 10 to 20 cm. The most convenient for the movement of adults are stairs with a slope of 35 degrees and a width and height of the steps of 300 mm and 150 mm, respectively. Design the ladder and calculate the number of steps as follows:
   

   Step size table as they are safe in mm

• The height of the ladder is divided by the preset height of the step, the resulting value is rounded to the nearest whole number;
• multiply the number of steps by the pre-accepted width of the step and obtain the length of the base of the ladder;
• calculate the span length by the Pythagorean theorem;
• calculate the ratio of the height of the ladder to the length of the span, it should be in the range of 0.5-0.7.
• If geometric calculations cause difficulty, you can simply draw a ladder on a scale and measure the length of the span and the angle.
• When calculating it is necessary to take into account that a wooden house in the first two or three years gives a significant shrinkage, and a rigidly fixed ladder can deform or change the angle of inclination.
• Manufacture of socks.

Cosos are made from a well-dried board of solid wood: pine, beech, oak. Based on the results of calculations, a template of cardboard or thin plywood is used, simulating the shape of the protrusion and taking into account the angle of inclination of the ladder. In the upper and lower parts of the Kosowr, grooves are used to fix them to the joist block from above and to the support bar from the bottom. With the help of an electric jigsaw, the projections are cut out on the oblique corners, after which the workpieces are processed using a grinder or sandpaper.

1. Installation of struts. Kosoura set in a predetermined place, fixing in the lower part with a support bar, and at the top - with a cut into the beam of the ceiling wooden floor. It is possible to mount metal supports on the floor beams, to which the strings are attached using anchor bolts. The lower support beam is also attached to the anchor bolts. When installing kosuro need to use the level.
   

   Technology of installation of struts

2. Manufacturing of steps and podstupennikov. The steps are made in the required quantity from a dry board with a thickness of at least 36 mm and a board width of not less than the selected width of the steps. Steps can protrude slightly beyond the plane of the riser, so you do not need to trim a wider board. The boards are cut to the required length, equal to the width of the staircase, taking into account the railing, usually this value is 0.8-1.2 meters. The steps are polished, cutting off sharp edges. The underlays are made of a dry board with a thickness of at least 20 mm, the width of the board is equal to the height of the steps, and the length is equal to the width of the ladder.
3. Fastening of steps. First the risers are attached to the installed kosouras, and then the steps with the help of self-tapping screws and joinery glue. Glue all the joints to reduce the squeak when walking down the stairs.
   

4. fastening technology. Manufacture of handrails. To perform the rails use balusters and handrails. Balusters can be made from a square bar or buy ready-made, carved. Balusters are installed on a step, usually one baluster for each step. At the beginning and end of the stairway, support balusters are installed, decorative ones between them. Fasten balusters to the steps with the help of screws, after which install decorative caps in the attachment points. The handrail is also fixed with the help of screws on the bottom side.
   

5. handrail mounting scheme
6. treatment and decorative coating application The ladder, like any other wooden structure, needs protection from moisture. For this purpose, wooden stairs are covered with paint, varnish or a protective colorless or tinting compound. It is better to use coatings that do not form a very smooth surface - slippery steps are dangerous, especially when going down. Before applying the coating, the ladder is once again ground to remove all burrs, scuffs. The places of fastenings are closed with plugs made of wood. Coating is applied with a brush or a small roller in two or three layers, while allowing the previous layer to dry well.
   

   Application of a protective coating

7. It is not always possible to install a straight ladder ladder because of its dimensions. To save space, you can make other types of stairs, for example, the ladder "goose step".