The project of the house is ready and, it seems, it is already possible to start construction. But before that, you need to transfer the drawing from the paper to the ground, mark out the contour of the foundation of the future house. Only at first glance this is a quick and easy process, in fact, it's worth to approach the markup responsibly, since the walls must be kept to a centimeter and the corners must be absolutely straight. Errors in the initial stages always entail an avalanche of even more serious errors, which are difficult and expensive to correct.
Especially important is the accurate marking when building a frame house from sandwich panels, because they are manufactured in the factory and have quite certain dimensions. If the foundation is flooded in the wrong layout, then the house is simply impossible to put on it. Accuracy is also important for houses made of logs, beams, aerated concrete, as house designs are designed taking into account the typical size of the material.
In addition to the construction project, you will need knowledge of geometry for grade 7 and a simple tool: - tape measure, the length of which is desirable not less than the longest wall,
- pegs or bars of reinforcement, depending on soil density,
- thick nylon cord and clothespins orclamps,
- large square,
- level.
The laser level( level) will greatly facilitate the work, it is useful for all stages of construction and interior finishing, so now is the time to choose( how to use it, I told) and purchase it.
Preparatory work of
Ideally, before the construction, a house project should be prepared with the location on the site, taking into account all the features of the landscape, soil and building norms. Often it turns out that there is only a sample project at home, and it still needs to be correlated with the real site. It is better to arrange the structure on the most flat surface and so that the communication is convenient. SNiPs stipulate that the house should be 5 meters from the front boundary of the house, and 3 meters from the borders with the neighbors.
The hardest way to mark the most versatile and popular ribbon foundation. To mark other types common in individual construction - columnar and plate - you can use special cases of the general marking method.
Layout of the external contour of the foundation
The first peg is best to drive into the corner closest to the boundaries of the site, so it is more likely that the requirements of the SNiPs will not be violated. A distance equal to the length of the basement is laid off from it parallel to the frontal boundary or other landmark. Inwardly, the length of the perpendicular base section is deposited from the same peg in the same way.
Now you need to make sure that the angle is exactly 90 degrees. With a laser level, this is a matter of a few seconds. If there is no such device, then you can use a square( even homemade) with sides not less than one meter. In the absence of this simple adaptation, one has to recall Pythagoras' theorem from school geometry or the rule of the Egyptian triangle, loved by the builders. According to them, in the triangle with sides 3, 4 and 5 the angle between the smaller sides will be straight.
In practice, this is used as follows: cut the 12 m cord, make marks 3 m from the beginning and 4 m from the first mark, the 3 m mark is fixed with a peg. The beginning of the cord is fixed on one of the marking lines, and the mark of 4 m - on the perpendicular to it, the free portion of the cord must exactly connect with the beginning. If this does not happen, then the angle is not straight and pegs need to be corrected.
The rest of the sides are labeled similarly. If the foundation is a rectangle on the plan, the corners can be verified by measuring its diagonals. Are they equal? Then the angles were exactly straight. At the base of a complex shape, for example, L-shaped or with niches, it is worth mentally dividing it into rectangles or squares and checking each of them separately.
Internal contour and bearing walls
After the outline is marked out, it is necessary to outline its internal boundaries. The thickness of the foundation is recommended to be at least 40 cm, so this is the distance measured from the outer borders and with the help of pegs mark the inner boundary of the basement.
If there are internal bearing walls in the house design, they are similarly marked on the surface. For each resulting rectangle or square, the equality of diagonals is again checked.
Useful trifles
If you deviate 5 cm from each side on the foundation marking, it will be more convenient to dig a trench, since there is less risk of sliding or losing pegs. To do this, use a reamer - a row of pegs with a line stretched between them, running parallel to the foundation line a few centimeters from it.
Pattern for a right angle is easy to make by hand, rigidly connecting 2 boards with a length of at least one meter with the help of a corner. For verification, a carpenter or school triangle is used. Also as a template, you can use the angle from the OSB sheet or other material manufactured by the factory method.
After the end of the marking, the contour obtained is again carefully checked against the plan, the distances between all the walls are measured several times, the pegs are fixed. Now you can start digging a trench and installing the formwork.