We encounter such a problem quite often. Some do not like the typical layout of a city apartment, others have changed their marital status, and the third wanted to turn an apartment into a salon - reasons enough to think about "reformatting" their home. But when the question concerns openings in load-bearing structures, certain, and rather large, difficulties arise.
For owners of private buildings, perhaps this is not so important, because they, as owners, do not have to coordinate all their plans with someone and even more so ask permission. If we are talking about the residents of "high-rise buildings," they should first carefully consider the question of the legitimacy( or illegitimacy) of the construction of the opening in the bearing wall - where and with whom to specify how to agree and what responsibility is provided for violation of legislation in this area? The relevant information is detailed in this article.
We also consider the purely technical side of the problem - the technique of "chopping" the opening in the bearing wall. However, first of all, it is worthwhile to note a number of specific points as recommendations.
What to take into account
- Did the neighbors redesign in adjacent flats( lower and higher)?The best option, if all openings will match by location.
- Capital walls in different ways perceive the load. With the decrease of the number of storeys in the apartment, it increases. Therefore, for the first two or three openings, equip if and is allowed, then with a width restriction. Such a parameter requires an accurate calculation. If it is about 70 - 90 cm, then this is not a problem. And if you need a more dimensional "window"?Here, without consulting a professional, it's better not to do anything.
- Not every bearing wall can be made with an opening( this is more true for panel buildings).Everything depends on its specifics, therefore, as a rule, we will have to think about strengthening the structure.
- How far from the outside wall is it supposed to be built? If you do not make calculations in advance, it is not a fact that it will not "lead".But there is also a mandatory minimum of 1 m.
So, let's consider in detail the whole algorithm of actions:
Surface cleaning
Removes everything literally - paint, wallpaper, plaster layers. The surface is cleaned to the base.
Layout of the opening
Than to "outline" the contour, there is no sense to explain - to whom it is more convenient. After that, at the corners, as well as at certain intervals on the straight sections are drilled holes( through).On these "labels" on the other hand, also marking is done. This is especially important for thick walls, as the "tie-in" will be done gradually, and there, and there. Otherwise, the accuracy of "penetration" will be very difficult to achieve.
Arrangement of the opening
First of all, you need to know that the use of powerful percussion instruments( for example, a jackhammer) often contributes to the appearance of cracks that "run up" in different directions, thereby reducing the strength of the entire structure. In some cases, depending on the characteristics of the walls, experts also warn against the use of a perforator.
In this regard, the best option for any material of the base is the cutting tool( "Bulgarian").It will not create any dangerous vibrations, no cracks. Naturally, the disk should be diamond coated.
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Installation of temporary supports. They are necessary to unload the wall and protect the floor from possible collapse. As a rule, it is easiest to make them out of logs, which are installed in the area of work. The specificity of such an operation depends on local conditions( number of storeys, structural loads, wear and tear, etc.), so in some cases you can do without this stage.
- Before proceeding directly to the cutting of the wall, it is necessary to take care of maintaining the integrity of the floor covering. Dust and debris will be enough, it's understandable. But after all, quite often massive pieces fall on the floor. Than to cover it? Plywood, boards, rubberized thick canvas - options are enough.
- With the help of the "Bulgarian", the marking on both sides is deepened. This is the outline of the opening.
- Further it is advisable to break it into sectors, which will greatly facilitate the process of excavating material, especially in the case of brickwork.
Strengthening
For brickwork, you can manage and one channel-jumper, which is installed horizontally at the top of the opening. From its both sides niches are arranged, into which metal is pawned( approximately 30 cm in each).Therefore, the length of the workpiece should exceed the width of the "window" by about 0.6 m. But if the wall is thick( more than one and a half bricks), then 2 blanks are required on both sides.
Pre-prepared holes, they are installed studs( with a thread, at least 3 pieces), after which the entire structure is tightened with nuts( 2 pcs.) And strengthened by the solution. There are other options - they fill the channel, and then "plant" in the Strobl;lay pre-concrete mass, after which the workpiece "press".All these nuances are determined depending on the conditions in the place of work.
As the metal has to be drilled, you need to think about what? If there is a possibility, then it is better to do it in advance, on the machine, after having outlined the points. Perfectly suitable step drill.
But in the case of a panel structure you will have to install vertical racks. We obtain an Π-shaped construction. Therefore, you need a welding machine. How to reliably fix such a frame - a solution, additional anchoring in the end of the opening - is solved individually.
If necessary, leave a support in the massive opening to support the overlap. They are easy to "remake" under the columns and properly arrange.
Useful advices for
- Before making the markup, you need to specify how the wiring is installed in the wall. If the house is not its own development, then it is advisable to carry out the appropriate diagnosis of the basis.
- The article considers only those moments that relate to the issue "on their own".In some cases, specialist services will be required. For example, to install a "cage" reinforcement overlap with injection. A special solution, which is introduced in this area, after hardening provides additional strength of the entire structure. The cost of talking does not make sense, since it is determined individually and is negotiable. And the structure looks like this( "before" and "after"):
The method of carrying out the work is advisory in nature. The article presents "nodal" moments, and the technology itself is selected depending on the specificity of the wall and a number of other conditions.
