Foundation classification
The main condition for the design of the foundation is to determine the correct depth of foundation. It is also important to facilitate the construction of underground elements, which allows you to save the environmental load on the nature of the underground space.
A foundation is a structure that penetrates into the ground below the freezing level and takes on the entire building's load. The depth of deposition is the distance from the surface of the ground to the base of the base. Classification of foundations is as follows:
- According to the material. Can be made of natural and artificial materials;
- According to the form. The most common form is the trapezoid, but it is also rectangular;
- According to the method of erection - prefabricated and monolithic bases;
- On the constructive solution - solid, pile, belt, columnar;
- The depth of the deposit is shallow and deep.
Sand foundations are used very rarely due to their unreliability. Most often used brick, but they are not popular, because brick is quite expensive material. In addition, its water resistance is very low, so you can only build on dry ground. Butovye and butobetonnye found more common, they are durable, durable and economical. The only drawback is that this design can only be done in regions where rubble is a local material. The most popular concrete foundations, as they are durable and can be used on a variety of soils.
Tip! When deciding which type of foundation to choose for construction, consult with an expert.
Species of the base
Consider in more detail the variety of foundations.
Belt base is made under all load-bearing walls and can be assembled or monolithic. For prefabricated materials are reinforced concrete or concrete blocks. A monolithic base is erected with the use of formwork, into which concrete is poured. The drawback of the tape foundations can be considered their massiveness, labor intensity and high cost. However, this is all compensated by the reliability and wide possibilities of the plinth device.
The basis of the columnar foundation is the pillars of concrete, stone, wood, which are laid in the intersection of walls and the expected places with high load. On the supports are mounted straps, which form the joint of the base. This technology is the most economical and is used in the construction of light buildings. The disadvantage is the complexity of the plinth and basement device.
Note! The pillar foundation is the cheapest in construction.
The slab foundation means laying a solid plate under the entire building area. The slab can be monolithic or composed of well-fitted reinforced concrete beams. This technology is used in construction on unstable ground.
Types of deep foundations
In the construction of heavy buildings, deep foundation is being designed. They are used in the construction of bridges, industrial shops, port facilities and so on. They have the following features: they do not require preliminary excavation of the excavation, they are perfectly resistant to horizontal loads, there is no outburst of soil. Also, all vertical efforts on the structure take not only the sole of the base, but also the side surfaces due to the frictional force.
There are the following types of deep foundations: caissons, shells, lowering wells. Also, close technology is the "wall in the ground" device. Such types of foundation are not used in the construction of private houses. This is connected with inexpediency, high cost and complexity, which does not allow you to build them yourself.
Note! These types of foundations are buried deep into the earth due to special heavy equipment.