Heat losses of a private house
Components of a private home heating system
Boiler - heat generator in the heating system and hot water. The average standard power 100 W per 1 m2 area, provided that the height of the insulated space of not more than 3 meters. Provide stock to 20% of the performance of the boiler unaccounted losses. Hot water supply requires increasing the capacity reserve of 50%.
A summary table with the version of the model calculations of thermal power boiler, allows you to compare the results framework and selection of existing heat sources model.
Options for model calculations of thermal power boiler
Boilers can operate with diesel fuel, coke, coal, wood, peat pellets, natural gas or electricity. The choice of fuel depends on its availability. More than 70% of consumers use gas-fired boilers. Electric boiler (convector) Is considered as a reserve or combination.
Outdoor boiler is better to install in a separate specially equipped room
Cast iron or steel generators of thermal energy produced in the floor and wall versions. Stationary floor boilers installed in a separate room, which is equipped with a boiler, expansion tank, chimney and forced ventilation system (according to the standards and requirements Gas System).
Wall mounted gas boiler chimney, and a separate room is not required. Oxygen for the combustion gas flows through a flexible corrugated pipe. Single-circuit unit is designed for heating. Using the heating circuit two-storey house with double-boiler provides heating and hot water.
Wall mounted gas boiler chimney, and a separate room is not required
Methods of thermal transfer energy in the boiler system: forced coolant circulation and natural circulation (nonvolatile heating method). The design of the boiler comprises two circuit built in circulating pump and closed expansion tank.
Carriers of thermal energy in the heating systemWater, antifreeze or electrolyte coolant for electrode boilers flow type.
Water has a high heat capacity and density, but requires adherence to a constant temperature room in winter. Homeowners who use the house regularly, prefer as a coolant antifreeze.
The circuit arrangement of the heating system with expansion tank open
Select the type of layout and the type of heating the coolant produce at the design stage. The viscosity, the coefficient of expansion and the heat capacity of antifreeze slow heat exchange process and reduce the heat removal radiators. Heater "nezamerzayku" required to increase capacity of pumps and orifice system.
Important! The presence of ethylene glycol antifreeze limits its use in boilers bypass type. Some additives destroy parts of polypropylene, cast iron, nonferrous metals, rubber.
Floor radiator, mounted near the door, can perform the function of the air curtain
heating appliance - steel, aluminum, composite, cast iron or anodized radiator (battery) Which gives heat and provides a favorable microclimate in the premises.
Heat transfer and inertia depend on the material and size of the device. Length battery designs change, adjusting the required number of sections. Air vent (Majewski crane) and the thermostat valve, mounted on the coolant entering the heater, provide uniform heat removal calculated. Shut-off valve on the outlet pipes needed for maintenance during operation.
With Majewski crane can adjust the distribution of coolant in the radiator
heating equipment installation location indicated in the normative and technical documentation: the perimeter of the heated space, under the window openings, near the front door. plattenMounted at the front door, will not allow to penetrate the cold air from the street to the house.
methods compound radiators with risers and the pipeline: one-way, diagonal and lower eyeliner.
Changing power heat radiators, depending on the method of joining them pipes
The number of radiators (I) is calculated by the formula:
I = S * k1* k2* k3* k4* 100 / P (pc), where
S - the floor area (m2);
P - passport power value of one section (W);
k1 - multiplying factor for window glazing;
k2 - lowering the loss factor, which depends on the area of the exterior walls;
k3 - factor dependent on the design and insulation of the roof (with or without an attic);
k4 - dependent coefficient of the ceiling height (k4 = 1, h = 2,5 m), the higher the interfloor space, the greater the correction value.
The width of the radiator sections controlled by the amount typesetting
Note!The manufacturer indicates in the passport product design parameters: the internal volume and the radiator capacity. Heating water flow rate in the battery capacity of 7 kW - 7 liters per minute.
Pipeline It transmits and distributes the coolant returns to the boiler. The direction of flow slows rough inner surface of the pipes, changing the diameter of the flow section, turns. The value of the hydraulic resistance method determines circulation (natural or forced).
Piping (closed loop) ensures tightness. The boiler output is directly proportional to the flow rate of the coolant, which defines the internal volume of the radiator, the heat exchanger of the boiler capacity and filling the pipeline sections.
Wiring plan radiators in two-pipe heating system of a private house
In private houses heating systems are used and seamless steel pipes of polypropylene with a minimum coefficient of the internal resistance (roughness).
Expansion tank for heating closed-end or open circuits found in all of the heating system a two-story private house. The pressure which generates in the flowline circulation pump or gravity changes the boiling point coolant. Sharp boiling water can provoke spontaneous pressure jump selection dissolved gases and a manifold increase in volume (expansion temperature), which leads to the destruction of components of the system heating. Expansion tank helps to avoid such problems.
The design of the diaphragm expansion tank closed type
The membrane separates the sealed expansion tank is a closed type water and air chambers. In systems of the closed type mounted on a tank return line pipe, upstream from the suction pipe of the circulation pump. Dependent layout involves lifting the tank to a height of not less than one meter.
Outdoor expansion tank mounted at the top booster (master) of the riser in the attic. The chassis crashed overflow tube and nutritious penstock. The design requires careful thermal insulation, since at low temperatures and non-insulated tank can overflow "defrost". Estimated volume capacity (10% of the total fill network) saves the heated coolant during the overflow and venting. The disadvantage of open type expansion tank - the evaporation of coolant.
Fitting - a connecting portion of the pipeline, is established in places its branches, turns, a transition to a different diameter
Important!The heating antifreeze coolant as set expansion tanks Gated that ensure tightness, maintaining the original volume and properties coolant.
installation valves in the heating system provides the ability to disable the part of the network or equipment for prevention, repair or replacement. Ball valves are installed on risers, before and after heating devices, pumps, manifolds, boilers, and evaporators.
Ball valves are set before and after heating devices
safety valves - the return and safety valve, automatic air vent, the balancing valve. Protect the pipeline from the throttling flow and pressure shocks heating system (pump, radiator, boiler). Cut-off valve stops the fuel-gas analyzers when triggered sensors, power failure and cessation of circulation through the heat exchanger.
regulating valves (Electronic or electromechanical adjusting valve, the thermostat valve) are aligned parameters of the heating system.
Using an electronic-thermostat tap align indicators in the heating system
The main condition for the valves and fittings in the heating system - fitting must provide permeability due to smaller pressure losses and leaks of branches, twists, the diameter transition in pipeline.
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Gidrostrelka and manifold separated hydraulic circuits, reduce the loss, increase throughput, distribute the heat load. Additionally serve as a place of safety measurement instrumentation installation group (thermal sensors, flow meters, pressure gauges, thermometers). Thermodynamic arrow removes dissolved gases and particulate matter from the coolant.
Gidrostrelka and manifold separated hydraulic circuits, reduce the loss, increase throughput, the thermal load is distributed in multi-circuit heating system
Circulation pump in system heating private houses moving stream of heated water in a closed circuit, so the height of the house did not have a significant impact on the capacity of the pump. The "wet" the circulation pump impeller to the rotor is in the heating pipe. Working medium lubricates and cools the engine parts. The principle of operation and functional properties of pumps depend on power, pressure (m) and the supply efficiency
The formula for calculating the pump performance:
Q = P / ΔT * 1,16 (m / s l / s, m3/час),
The formula for calculating the pressure:
H = R * L * Zƒ (pascal).
| designation | Decoding the symbol | Units |
| Q | The maximum pump flow (feed) | l / m3/час |
| P | The maximum capacity of the boiler (passport data) | kW |
| ΔT | Heat removal from the heating device, conventionally taken 20 ° C | ° C |
| 1,16 | Coefficient of water density | W * h |
| H | The pressure in the closed loop system | Pascal |
| R | Hydraulic losses in the conduit (for two-storey house 150 Pa / m) | Pa / m |
| L | The sum of the lengths of the contours in the heating | meter |
| Zƒ | Roughness factor in the compounds, valving, devices for adjustment and protection against incorrect operation of the system. | 1.3 for standard fittings and ball valves; 1.7 for thermostatic, two- or three-way valves |
The circulation pump is installed in the return pipe traditionally before endure boiler or supercharger pressure to bypass. Installation and operation of the device manufacturer develops.
Scheme bypass with circulation pump mounted
Varieties heating
The principle of the device pipe heating system (Scheme shown below), - a serial connection of radiators in the heating circuit wiring. Thermodynamics of the process based on the larger diameter pipe (not less than 32 mm), the slope of straight sections (0.5% length) is exceeded and the radiator axis above the center line of the boiler (H).
Self-regulation in the circuit is due to the temperature difference between the first / last radiator and the force of gravity. Flow passes alternately through each heater (return next preceding is fed radiator). The temperature decreases with increasing distance from the heat source, and the water density on the contrary, increased.
Figure displayed schematic diagram heating with natural circulation.
Scheme pipe heating system with natural circulation open
Important! Monotube circuit with natural circulation is used for heating houses area less than 100 m2. The circuit eliminates the possibility of underfloor devices and hot water supply.
Monotube heaters connection circuit known as the heating system "Leningradka". To increase the effectiveness of the scheme "Leningradka" can be complemented by a pump, valves, thermostats and valves provide balancing between the nozzles feeder / return flow set Bypass.
radiator connection with the principle of one- and two-pipe heating system wiring
Two-pipe heating system divides the flow pipe and return pipe. Wiring system improves efficiency, reduces heat losses and hydraulic resistance.
A two-tube circuit determines the parallel connection of the input and output pipes of the heating device. The temperature of the coolant in the radiator is aligned, the heating is not dependent on the distance of the heat source.
water heating system with the double pipe and the lower wiring natural circulation: 1 - the boiler; 2 - air line; 3 - routing; 4 - submitting struts; 5 - check the risers; 6 - tank line; 7 - expansion
Installation of valves and thermostats, valves allows repair and replacement of batteries without shutting down the system. By adding a double pipe layout hydraulic module (arrow with coplanar manifold) can be divided contours radiators (high-pressure) underfloor (low pressure) and hot water. Technical flaws with the right thermal calculations are already there.
water heating system with the double pipe and the upper wiring natural circulation: 1 - the boiler; 2 - the main strut; 3 - routing; 4 - submitting struts; 5 - check the risers; 6 - tank line; 7 - expansion
Collector circuit heating house with forced circulation of coolant
Radial method of laying the pipeline and connecting independent circuits in the central part of the floor. Same length and diameter of the beam path, ensures the hydraulic balance, reduces the resistance and improves heat transfer. The estimated volume of feed in the independent chain links are making installation control valves (balancing valve) and circulation pumps inside the loops.
The increase in the consumption of materials and complex installation pays for a high level of precision adjustment and ease of use.
Radiation-pipe heating circuit wiring to the collector of
coolant distribution of height
bottom feed in the circuit wiring House, heating involves heating a frame struts in a ring of the first floor (or the basement technical underground). When two pipe lower distributing wiring circuit (feed) is laid in parallel with the ring discharge pipe (return). The coolant rises through the radiator, is lowered by the return risers into the collecting pipeline that returns to the boiler.
Feeding risers radiators raised above the second floor and the air line are combined with an automatic valve for removing air from the system. Each heater further comprises establishing air vent-valve (Majewski crane).
Driving vertical layout of the heating system a two-story private house
upper wiring distinguishes the working direction of flow (downward). The main riser (pipe which rises from the boiler through the floor slabs to the central expansion tank) delivers fluid into a ring or stub portions of the upper wiring. Feeding risers are omitted from the attic, hot water is fed into the battery. Vertical risers collected fluid into a return pipe, by which the flow returns to the boiler.
The upper wiring is used in the southern regions of Russia. In the central and northern regions and the method of supplying coolant distribution arrangement requires top warm attic.
Vertical-pipe heating system (with upper and lower water supply means) postoyachnoy requires balancing. It has hydraulic and thermal stability when the setting conditions.
Parallel connection of radiators in two-pipe heating system, two-storey house (with expansion scheme of the closed type tank)
Horizontal types of heating systems
Horizontal two-pipe distribution system is based on the collector is connected to radiators. A comb in a special cabinet prefabrication. Elements of the system are equipped with a polypropylene manufacturer.
Branded valves and fittings accelerate assembling, improve quality of assembly of the double pipe heating system with the lower wiring from propylene. Individual frames device provides independent operation of the elements increases the stability of the system.
Manifold cabinet for heating underfloor polypropylene
Underfloor heating - type water heatingIn which the heating elements, coils of plastic pipes, laid in the floor construction. Each link is connected to the junction of the comb independent heating circuit of the propylene tubes. In a private house, which is equipped with heated floors, required balancing independent circulation circuits.
Important! Automatic adjustment must support surface heating temperature of the working medium is not more than 55 ° C.
Understand the device private home heating system yourself is a snap. However, for qualitative ensure a comfortable microclimate in the cold season is better to turn to specialists.
